European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and their chronic, inflammatory and infectious nature necessitates recognizing the possibility that these infections may have effects somewhere in the body. The concept that oral diseases and systemic diseases influence each other goes back to the theory of “focal infection”. In 1891, Miller published his theory regarding focal infection in which he indicated that microorganisms and their products are able to access parts of the body that are adjacent to or distant from the mouth. The proponents of this concept assume that microorganisms present in dental plaque and their metabolic products may enter the bloodstream, thereby causing many systemic diseases and sometimes resulting in degenerative conditions. Associations have been reported between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, diabetes, preterm low birth-weight babies, respiratory infections and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is an important health problem worldwide affecting about 8 percent of population. The present study was conducted to assess correlation of serum ferritin with HbA1c in type 2 diabetic patients.
Materials & Methods: 74 type II diabetes patients of both genders were put in group I and age matched control in group II. Parameters such as Hb%, Ferritin, hemoglobin, HbA1c and fasting plasma sugar were measured in blood samples. The blood sugar was measured after 12 hours of fasting by glucose oxidase method.
Results: Out of 74 patients, males were 44 and females were 30. The mean BMI in group I was 27.3 kg/m² and in group II was 27.1 kg/m². FPG was 7.4 mmol/L in group I and 5.8 mmol/L in group II. The mean HbA1c level was 8.7% in group I and 5.2% in group II. The mean S. ferritin level in group I was 198.3 µgm/L in group I and 64.8 µgm/L in group II. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). There were 28 subjects with HbA1c level <6% and serum ferritin level <150 µgm/L and 9 subjects with >15 µgm/L. There were 13 subjects with HbA1c level >6.1% with serum ferritin level <150 µgm/L and 24 with serum ferritin level >150 µgm/L. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). OR of 11.7in subjects with higher serum ferritin level are in 11.7 times at risk to develop type II DM thanthose with lower serum ferritin level.
Conclusion: There was significant increase in serum ferritin in diabetes mellitus compared to control group. Positive correlation between HbA1c and serum ferritin has also been found.

Background & Aims: According to our knowledge, there is a lack of sample study in this specific region of our country, regarding the relationship of melatonin with anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, the novelty of this present study, we have taken the opportunity to determine the relationship of melatonin with anti- (IL-2) and pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-15, and TNF-α) cytokines in 2DM subjects. Methods: After obtaining the approval from the institutional ethical committee, the present study was commenced. The study was conducted in Department of Biochemistry, Malwanchal University, Indore, India. Total two hundred and thirty individuals are recruited in to this present study after the approval from Institutional ethical committee. Age & sex matched one hundred and fifteen human non-2DM individuals were taken into healthy control group. One hundred and fifteen subjects, on treatment for 2DM were included in second group. Results: Statistical significant differences were observed in serum melatonin levels and post-prandial blood glucose when compared between 2DM subjects and healthy controls. We also observed statistical significances in the serum values of IL-2, IL-15, IL-1β, and TNF-α when compared between 2DM subjects and healthy controls. The study observed steady upward positive correlation between melatonin and IL-2 levels in healthy controls. On the contrary the study observed a negative association between serum melatonin and IL-15 levels and also between melatonin and TNF-α in 2DM subjects. Conclusion: The authors conclude from the study that alterations in the study parameters in 2DM group are due to altered balance between anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines production. This altered balance is due to low production of melatonin in 2DM subjects than healthy controls.

The problem of cerebrovascular diseases and stroke is significant not only for clinical neurology, but also for society as a whole. Stroke is the second most common cause of death in many developed countries. In Russia, more than 450 thousand cases of this disease are registered per year, and in the Republic of Uzbekistan there are more than ten thousand cases, the mortality rate in the acute period of stroke in Russia reaches 35%, increasing by another 12-15% by the end of the first year after the stroke. Stroke ranks first among the causes of persistent disability, which necessitates timely drug therapy not only in the acute period of the disease, but also throughout the recovery phase.

Abstract. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of obesity in pregnant women in
the development of preeclampsia. All women were divided into 2 groups: the study group
included women with obesity (n=120) and the control group of pregnant women with
physiological course of pregnancy without obesity (n=60).

Background: The present study was conducted to determine the level of salivary cytokines in the absence or presence of periodontal and peri-implant maintenance therapy (TMPP).Materials & Methods: 48 patients with signs of peri implant mucositis and peri- implantitis were divided into 2 groups. Group I that performed TMPP regularly (GTP=24) and group II did not perform TMPP regularly, (GNTP=24). Cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-10, MMP-2, RANK, TGF-β and TNF-α were determined using diagnostic kit.
Results: There was non- significant difference in salivary biomarkers level between T1 and T2 in patients with peri implant mucositis and peri- implantitis (P> 0.05). There was non- significant difference (P> 0.05) in concentration of IL- I β, IL- 10, TGF- β, MMP- 2 and RANK between MP and PI patients in both GNTP and GTP group whereas TNF- a showed significant difference between MP and PI patients in GNTP group (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: The level of tumor necrotic factor alpha was higher in patients with peri-implantitis in patients with GNTP as compared to other cytokines.

The immune status has been studied at 25 HIV-infected of children with ARS. The control group of comparison consisted from 14 practically healthy faces. At a HIV-infected of patients with ARS has revealed deep infringements of the immune status, especially from the T-link of immunity and its subpopulations, and also frustration humoral an immunity link, suppression of proinflammatory cytokine IL-10 and increase proinflammatory IFN-γ. Under the influence of the spent treatment have not revealed certain changes from the immune status at patients. It is possible to ascertain only positive changes of maintenance IL-10 and parallel decrease IFN-γ in dynamics of treatment.

Abstract: The marker of mesenchymal cells - vimentin with high and moderate expression
is present in both epithelial and stromal cells with "eosinophilic" forms of polyps and only
in the stroma in patients with "neutrophilic" polyps. The presence of high vimentin
expression indicates a high activity of mesenchymal cells. In the prognostic plan, these
changes indicate future relapses. Detection of the CD68 marker, its low and moderate
expression can mean low participation of macrophages in the formation of nasal polyps of
both forms. The presence of single stained cells in mesenchymal clusters indicates a low
phagocytic activity. The high and moderate expression of CD45 in mesenchymal clusters
located in “eosinophilic” polyps confirms our assumption that these mesenchymal clusters
are a “growth zone” of formations. High and moderate expression of CD138 in mature
epithelial cells in all tissue samples of both forms of polyps and the lack of expression of
this marker in clusters of mesenchymal formations, as well as average expression in cells
located in the stroma, may indicate the origin of the latter from active mesenchymal cells.
With the "eosinophilic form" of polyps, moderate and high expression of CD34 is detected.
These results confirm our assumption about the formation of a new vascular system in
mesenchymal clusters. Near the epithelium and in the stroma, a well-developed vascular
system is also observed. An increase in the number of vessels is a sign of recurrence, and
an increase in the number of newly formed vessels is prognostically unfavorable and
indicates the occurrence of relapse.

HBV infection is one of the major concerns and a constant threat to public health. Cytokines are used in biological studies as vital signs in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of progression a number of diseases such as CHB and HCC . This study aimed to evaluation the levels of HGF , TNF- α , CXCL-13 in HBV patients .Studies have shown that the hepatocyte growth factor is the engine for the development of HCC caused by infection with HBV, and may serve as an effective biomarker for targeted therapy. The study included 100 patients with positive HBs Ag (100% positive). Three cytokines (HGF , TNF- α , CXCL-13) were analyzed in the
serum of patients ,and the results showed highly significant increase inthe levels of those cytokines in patients comparing to healthy individuals(p≤0.01). Also ,the results showed there is a highly significant difference(P<0.001) of HGF levels when comparing between acute andchronicHBV patients .Our results concluded HGF , TNF- α , CXCL-13 play a key role in development of HBV.