European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Childhood poisoning is one of the emergencies commonly encountered in paediatric practice.Young children aged 1 to 5 years were found to be more prone to innocently ingesting small amounts of a single substance. New research indicates that various social and demographic factors like family size, socioeconomic condition, child rearing and care, exposure and accessibility of poison as well as availability and efficiency of medical facilities are important factors which significantly influence the occurrence and outcome of acute household poisoning cases in children.So, the present study was intended to know various epidemiological factors and clinical profile of children presenting with poisoning.
Materials & Methods: A cross sectional prospective descriptive study done on 100children admitted to Pediatric ward were strongly suspected or proven to suffer with acute poisoning at department of Pediatrics J.L.N. Hospital, a tertiary care medical centre attached to J.L.N Medical College Ajmer, Rajasthan during one year period. Socio economic status was classified according to Modified Kuppuswamy SE scale. Patient’s bio data, detailed history, type and nature of poisoning, associated psychological factors and clinical features, course and outcome of acute poisoning in the children. Data entry and Statistical Analysis was performed with the help of Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 22.0v.
Results: The mean age of subjects in this study was 10.99 years. 53% of the children were in the 12-18 years group. 53% of the subjects were females. More than 80% of the study population belonged to the lower and lower middle class. The mean duration in hospital was 1.92 days. Insecticides formed 53% of the poisoning agent followed by household poisons like rat poison and ant killer chalk 20%.57% of children had consumed poison with an attempt to commit suicide and 43% had it accidentally.
Conclusion: We concluded that low socioeconomic status and low percentage of literacy among the parents of the study subjects resulted in poor awareness about the danger of inadvertent or intentional poisoning of their children

The rise in paediatric brain tumours has become an important cause of cancer related deaths in children, accounting for 20% of all childhood cancers under the age of 14 years.
Objective: To study spectrum of paediatric neural tumours, their prevalence and histomorphological features in detail and corelate them with age and sex of the patient.
Materials and methods: Data regarding age, gender, and histopathology of children (0-14 years) with neural tumours operated over a period of 2 years (June 2019 to June 2022) were collected retrospectively from the archives of Department of pathology of a tertiary care centre and were analysed and graded according to WHO grading of CNS tumours fifth edition.
Results: A total of 31 Paediatric neural tumours were studied. They were more common in males as compared to females with male to female ration of 1.2:1. Frequency of tumours was higher in children of age group 6-14 years. Astrocytomas and Schwannomas were the most common histological types followed by Medulloblastoma. Less common entities included Ependymomas, Meningomyelocele, Meningiomas and neurofibroma.
Conclusion: There is a rising incidence of neural tumours among children especially in the 5-14 years age group.  Astrocytomas and Schwannomas were the most encountered histological types in our study. It is important to arrive at a confirmative diagnosis on the basis of histopathology for an effective and early management and better prognosis of the disease.

Background: Poisoning in children is a worldwide epidemic, and there is no region in the world that is immune to this catastrophe. In paediatric practise, it is one of the most frequently encountered situations that could have been avoided. Both the cause of poisoning and the type of poisoning can vary greatly from one region of the world to another. This is because the availability of poison to children is influenced by a variety of factors, including population, socioeconomic standing, level of education, as well as local beliefs and practises.
Martial and Methods: A future hospital-based study in India with a prospective design. Over the course of three years, beginning in June 2021 and ending in June 2022, children hospitalized to Sambaram Institute of Medical Sciences and Research with suspected acute poisoning were the subjects of a study that was designed as a prospective investigation. A parent or other relative who was present throughout the interview provided background information about the youngster.
Results: 210 children were found to be suffering from acute poisoning. There were 125 males, and there were only 85 girls. In 110 of the instances, household goods were involved, while pharmaceuticals were involved in 62, toxic plants were involved in 21, agrochemicals were involved in 13, and other substances were involved in 4.
Conclusion: In conclusion, I would like to offer some suggestions for some strategies that can assist to minimize the prevalence of childhood poisoning in India, in addition to the morbidity and death associated with it. Keep the containers of kerosene oil securely sealed and out of the reach of youngsters at all times. Do not keep kerosene oil in soft drink bottles. Make people aware of the potential risks associated with vomiting after consuming kerosene oil. Keep any agricultural chemicals in a secure location. Instruct the general public on how to properly dispose of unused medication.

Purpose: To study the outcome of staples (Temporary hemiepiphysiodesis) in the management of angular plane deformities of the knee in skeletally immature children.
Methods
Retrospective study: A Total of 20 patients with bilateral affected knee joints having minimum of 1 year of skeletal growth remaining were included in our study-out of 20, 16 being Primary genu valgum and 4 being secondary genu valgum due to renal rickets. Angular correction was measured by recording anatomical Tibio femoral angles.
The correction rate (degree per month) and complications were recorded.
Results: The most common was idiopathic genu valgum.
Rate of correction was 1.2 degree.
We had excellent and good outcomes according to modified Zueze et al. Criteria.
Conclusion: We recommend use of staples for primary and secondary genu valgum in late childhood and adolescence. However, the staples can carry a risk like extrusion, breakage and implant failure.

As early as infancy, children immerse themselves in playful activities with the purpose of making sense of the world around them. However, their effort to achieve this is most frequently halted by parents, care givers and teachers who work around with them. There have been questions surrounding the importance of play for children in Tanzania. The major question has been what children learn when they play. Lack of knowledge on the importance of play for children has led parents, care givers and pre-school teachers deny children their rights to play, instead they have placed more emphasis on reading and arithmetic. This paper is based on literature review, and presents the developmental stages of childhood and discusses the importance of play for cognitive, social, emotional and physical development of children. The paper suggests that parents, community and preschools, and society as a whole should create conducive and safe environment for children to play, so as to help children to develop their capabilities to their full potentials.

Background
Children with asthma face multiple challenges that encompass learning how to cope with. Bronchial asthma is a public health problem in all countries irrespective of their level of development, being generally under-diagnosed and undertreated, and most asthma-related death commonly occurs in low-income and lower-middle income countries. Family management of asthmatic children is affected by several factors, primarily the parent’s knowledge and attitude toward asthma. In 2004, the highest prevalence of asthma was reported by physicians in Saudi Arabia (25%). Bronchial asthma is a serious disease since it is very common disease in Saudi Arabia, and it doesn’t only affect the individual physiologically, however it also affects the individual’s quality of life, leading to missing days from school or work, emergency hospital visits, hospitalization, and caregivers and parents’ time and effort. Consecutively, it affects the whole community, asthma, the most common chronic illness in children is responsible for more school absenteeism than any other single chronic childhood condition. Aim of the study: To assessment the level of Knowledge of parents about asthma in their children at MakahMethod: A cross-sectional study was conducted   attending the primary health care centers in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. An asthma Knowledge of parents about childhood asthmawas used to measure the knowledge. During the October toNovember, 2019, participants were (200).
Results:Knowledge of the participant toward asthma study results show the majority of participant had average information Myths and beliefs regarding asthma were(65.0%) while Range (9-18) Mean± SD(12.144±4.15), regarding the General knowledge about asthmashow the majority of participant had average information were(51.0%) while Range (4-15) Mean± SD(11.58±3.15), also Knowledge about associated aspects of asthmathe majority of participant had average information were(78.0%) while Range (5-10) Mean± SD (7.108±2.011).
Conclusion:The asthma knowledge in the Saudi Arabian population is insufficient, and efforts should be carried out to spread asthma knowledge to the people among the parents and guardians of asthmatic children. asthma management should include patients, parents, and public awareness regarding the disease, its symptoms, medications, and highlight the misconceptions about asthma medications at both hospital level and community, for better control of asthma, more effort is needed to educate caregivers and to enhance them.

Background:Asthma, the most common chronic illness in children is responsible for more school absenteeism than any other single chronic childhood condition. Acute asthma attacks while at school can cause considerable disruption to scheduled school activities, broadening its impact on school participation. Children with asthma face multiple challenges that encompass learning how to cope with. Bronchial asthma (BA) is a public health problem in all countries irrespective of their level of development, being generally under-diagnosed and undertreated, and most asthma-related death commonly occurs in low-income and lower-middle income countries. As for Saudi Arabia, it is estimated that more than 2 million Saudis have asthma, and the percentages range from 8% to 25% in Saudi children. In 2004, the highest prevalence of asthma was reported by physicians in Saudi Arabia (25%). Bronchial asthma is a serious disease since it is very common disease in Saudi Arabia, and it doesn’t only affect the individual physiologically, however it also affects the individual’s quality of life, leading to missing days from school or work, emergency hospital visits, hospitalization, and caregivers and parents’ time and effort. Consecutively, it affects the whole community.
Aim of the study:To assessment the knowledge of the regarding childhood asthma at Makah city in Saudi Arabia. 2019.
Method:A cross-sectional study was conducted   attending the primary health care centers in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. An asthma knowledge questionnaire was used to measure the knowledge. during the April to June, 2019, participants were (800).
Results: Regarding awareness of the participant toward asthma study results show the majority of participant had average information were(59.0%) while weak awareness were(22.0%) the data ranged from(6-28) by mean ±SD(16.577±5.87).
Conclusion:The bronchial asthma knowledge in the Saudi Arabian population is insufficient, and efforts should be carried out to spread asthma knowledge to the people. Bronchial asthma management should include patients, parents, and public awareness regarding the disease, its symptoms, medications.