Vaccines have long been viewed as one of the most successful treatments in the history of public health.[1] They have helped to the elimination of various illnesses, including smallpox.[1,2] Vaccine hesitancy, or rejection or delay in immunisation, remains a substantial public health concern despite the obvious advantages of vaccination.[3]Vaccines date back to the 10th century when the Chinese started utilising variolation, a procedure in which material from smallpox abscesses was used to enter a healthy individual to prevent smallpox.[4] Even though this approach provided some protection for the illness, it was very dangerous and may have led to death or serious complications.[5] The modern age of vaccinations started with the efforts of Edward Jenner, who employed cowpox to produce protection against smallpox in the late 18th century. [5,6] This procedure, known as vaccination, was far safer than variolation and laid the groundwork for creating contemporary vaccinations. [5-7] Vaccines were produced throughout the following two centuries for various infectious illnesses, including measles, rubella, diphtheria, and polio. [7,8] These immunisations have reduced infectious disease-related morbidity and death. The concept of herd immunity, which refers to protecting a community against infectious disease when a high percentage of the population is immune to the disease, was one of the most important developments in the history of immunisations.[1] This concept has considerably contributed to the efficacy of immunisations in managing and eradicating infectious diseases. [1,8]Despite the apparent benefits of vaccines, their creation and distribution have been contentious. Throughout history, there have been several vaccine scares and controversies, including the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine dispute in the 1990s, which caused a decline in vaccination rates and increased measles outbreaks.[1,9]In addition, the COVID-19 epidemic has highlighted the importance of immunisations in managing infectious diseases and the challenges connected with vaccine manufacture and distribution.[10]The rapid development and dissemination of COVID-19 vaccines was a significant achievement, and immunisations have played a major role in curbing the disease's spread.[11, 12]Vaccines stimulate an immune response against viruses or bacteria. As a result, the immune system creates a memory. This immunological memory allows the body to remember a specific virus or bacterium, enabling it to defend against and prevent the illness it causes. [13,14] Most vaccines include weakened or inactivated (killed) viruses or bacteria or a minute quantity of disease-free viruses or bacteria. This is known as an antigen. [15,16]