ABSTRACT The aim of the research was to study red blood cells in type II diabetes mellitus (DM), both an independently occurring disease, and in combination with hypertension, using innovative research methods (atomic force and scanning electron microscopy with elemental analysis). In the course of the study, we observed 20 patients aged 40 to 50 years. All of them were divided into groups of 5 people: without somatic and endocrine pathology and infectious diseases; with moderate type II DM; stage II hypertension; with a combination of type II DM and hypertension. Each has passed the necessary set of generally accepted clinical and laboratory examination methods together with related specialists (therapist, endocrinologist, neurologist, ophthalmologist). Blood was taken from each patient for subsequent light, atomic force and scanning electron microscopy. A morphometric analysis of the tissues in the Ntegra-Aura instrument was also performed. We observed the most pronounced changes in the structure of erythrocytes in people with a combination of type II DM and hypertension: the number of degenerative forms increases sharply, and the number of discocytes decreases. In this regard, such altered red blood cells can’t perform their functions in full. The article substantiates the possibility and future prospects of using atomic force and scanning electron microscopy with elemental analysis for independent type II DM, and in combination with arterial hypertension.