Multiple studies have examined the impact of bleaching on dental tissues. Evaluation of the effect of bleaching is essential for assessing changes in enamel microhardness that may impact dental health in terms of resistance to masticatory forces. The purpose of this review was to ascertain scientific evidence regarding the effects of bleaching on the roughness and microhardness of human dental enamel. Using search criteria, a systematic electronic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases. In addition to establishing inclusion and exclusion criteria for article selection, only English-language studies were selected. Studies that satisfied all inclusion and exclusion criteria were chosen for the review. All bleaching treatments promoted a significant reduction in the microhardness values. Several studies also showed that, despite enamel microhardness changes caused by the effects of bleaching, this demineralization can be reversed by the remineralization potential of the saliva that replaces the lost calcium and phosphate ions.