The analysis of literature data, which made it possible to characterize the main modern stages in the development and establishment of diagnosis and treatment of shoulder joint instability, was carried out. The purpose of this review was to highlight the main directions in the treatment of chronic instability of the shoulder joint and identify problematic issues requiring further scientific research. The main results of observation of patients undergoing various types of arthroscopic treatment are presented. The modern level of diagnostics makes it possible to accurately determine the indications for surgical treatment. Isolation of all possible links of pathogenesis and individual preoperative planning are the main tasks of preventing recurrence of instability.