Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies in the world with approximately one billion people at risk. It is on the rise in developed countries, even in Australia where there is an abundance of sunlight. Additional risk factors among newly settled refugees include veiling, dietary deficiencies, darker skin colour and unfamiliarity with the local healthcare system. More specifically, in Australian children with vitamin D deficiency rickets, risk factors include dark skin and maternal veiling with 96-98% of these being children migrants or born to a migrant parent