European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

The term "dementia" refers to a group of symptoms that severely impair memory, reasoning, and social functioning. While many illnesses can cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of progressive dementia.Over 55 million individuals worldwide already have dementia, and there are almost 10 million new cases diagnosed each year. Beta amyloid deposition and neuro-fibrillary tangles, which induce the loss of synapses and neurons and result in gross atrophy of the affected parts of the brain, usually starting in the mesial temporal lobe, are the underlying pathophysiological causes. In the current investigation the efficacy of the methanolic extract of Grangea maderaspatana [GM] was tested in wistar albino rats against scopolamine (4mg/kg) induced Alzheimer's disease. A dose of 200 mg/kg of piracetam is used as a standard.The doses for GM were 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg. The nootropic activity was evaluated using the elevated plus maze model, novel object recognition test, morris water maze, and Y-Maze, as well as biochemical tests such as Acetylcholinesterase activity, brain reduced glutathione levels, melanoldehyde, and catalase activity were measured in order to assess the level of oxidative stress. During behavioural studies, Scopolamine administration reduces learning and memory enhancement. A significant reduction in time spent in the preferred arm of the Y-maze, escape latency, time spent exploring the novel object, and discrimination index of the familiar object was also observed. Acetylcholinesterase activity increased in rats, indicating a significant impairment of the central cholinergic system. Grangea maderaspatana (250 and 500 mg/kg orally administered) significantly improved rat memory in the y-maze, elevated plus maze, and novel object recognition tests, and also improved mouse locomotion in the open field. Treatment with a methanolic extract of Grangea maderaspatana also reduces brain oxidative stress and AChE activity. We find that treatment of Grangea maderaspatana [GM] methanolic extract improves rat memory by lowering AChE activity and exhibiting antioxidant effects.The presence of phenolic chemicals and flavonoids was confirmed by the phythochemical screening of the GM, making it appear to be an effective source for improving memory and learning.

Aim: A Review of literature on Ischemic Heart Disease and Risk of Development of
Cognitive Disorders
Methods: The literature search was conducted in Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, and
CINAHL. The search string consisted of predictor-related terms (i.e. myocardial
infarction, angina pectoris), outcome-related terms (i.e. dementia, Alzheimer,
cognition), as well as some specific limitations. All publications until 2021 were included
if they fulfilled the following eligibility criteria:
1) MI, AP, or a CHD variable that is a combination of MI and AP (e.g. ischemic heart
disease (IHD) as predictor variable; 2) Cognition, cognitive impairment or dementia as
outcome; 3) Population-based study; 4) Prospective (≥1 year follow-up), cross-sectional
or case-control study design; 5) ≥100 participants; and 6) Aged ≥45 years. Reference
lists of publications and secondary literature were hand-searched for possible missing
articles.
Results: The search yielded 3500 abstracts, of which 15 were included in this study. This
resulted in 5 cross-sectional studies, 3 case-control studies, 6 prospective cohort studies
and 1 study with both cross-sectional and prospective analyses (designated as crosssectional
regarding study quality). Quality assessment of all 15 included studies was
sufficient (overall mean NOS score = 6.7, SD = 1.30, range = 3–10). Separate analyses
for each study design showed similar results for prospective (mean NOS score = 6.92,
SD = 1.14, range = 5–9) and cross-sectional studies (mean NOS score = 7.23, SD = 0.98,
range = 6–8), but the quality of case-control studies was somewhat lower (mean NOS
score = 5.9, SD = 1.93, range = 3–7), mainly due to the effects of one particular study
with a score of 3.
Conclusion: We concluded that the CHD was associated with an increased risk of
cognitive impairment or dementia in prospective cohort studies. More mechanistic
studies are needed that focus on the underlying biological pathways (e.g. left ventricular
dysfunction, cerebral small vessel disease, hypoperfusion) and shared risks that link
CHD with the occurrence of cognitive impairment or dementia.

Aim: A Review of literature on Ischemic Heart Disease and Risk of Development of
Cognitive Disorders
Methods: The literature search was conducted in Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, and
CINAHL. The search string consisted of predictor-related terms (e.g. myocardial
infarction, angina pectoris), outcome-related terms (e.g. dementia, Alzheimer, cognition),
as well as some specific limitations. All publications until 2021 were included if they
fulfilled the following eligibility criteria: 1) MI, AP, or a CHD variable that is a
combination of MI and AP (e.g. ischemic heart disease (IHD)) as predictor variable; 2)
cognition, cognitive impairment or dementia as outcome; 3) population-based study; 4)
prospective (≥1 year follow-up), cross-sectional or case-control study design; 5) ≥100
participants; and 6) aged ≥45 years. Reference lists of publications and secondary
literature were hand-searched for possible missing articles.
Results: The search yielded 3500 abstracts, of which (number***) were included in this
study. This resulted in 5 cross-sectional studies, 3 case-control studies, 6 prospective cohort
studies and 1 study with both cross-sectional and prospective analyses (designated as crosssectional
regarding study quality). Quality assessment of all 15 included studies was
sufficient (overall mean NOS score = 6.7, SD = 1.30, range = 3–10). Separate analyses for
each study design showed similar results for prospective (mean NOS score = 6.92, SD =
1.14, range = 5–9) and cross-sectional studies (mean NOS score = 7.23, SD = 0.98, range =
6–8), but the quality of case-control studies was somewhat lower (mean NOS score = 5.9,
SD = 1.93, range = 3–7), mainly due to the effects of one particular study with a score of 3.
Conclusion: We concluded that the CHD was associated with an increased risk of
cognitive impairment or dementia in prospective cohort studies. More mechanistic studies
are needed that focus on the underlying biological pathways (e.g. left ventricular
dysfunction, cerebral small vessel disease, hypoperfusio

Dementia is a collective term used to describe various symptoms of cognitive decline, such as forgetfulness.
It is a symptom of several underlying common phenomena with an aging population.The aim of the study is
to assess the knowledge on the management of quality of life of people with early onset dementia. A
questionnaire was created with a set of 12 questions related to Dementia and management of dementia . 100
random participants of adults and aged males and females by random sampling method . The participants
were asked to fill the questionnaire in an online forum . The results were collected and formatted in Pie
charts, Chi- square test was used and statistically analysed using SPSS .100 participants participated in the
survey, out of which 97% of them are aware of dementia, 63% of the population responded females are more
prone to dementia, and 67% of them responded that Alzheimer is the most common symptom. From the
current study it shows that the majority of the population are aware of dementia but its effects in the later
years of life are not much known. Also the quality of life in such cases diminishes as age progresses.
Awareness studies on the survival of early onset dementia are more informative as many younger patients
tend to suffer without diagnosing the condition and live without proper treatment or cure. Thus we conclude
that further management should be taken in control of early onset dementia by conducting several awareness
studies at larger populations