European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Context: Beta Thalassemia major is a genetic disease with an autosomal recessive pattern of
inheritance that occurs as a result of disorder in haemoglobin synthesis. In Beta Thalassaemia
major patients multiple blood transfusions, ineffective erythropoiesis and increased
gastrointestinal iron absorption lead to iron overload in the body. Iron overload can be
determined by Serum Ferritin measurement.
Aim and Objectives
1. To Assess the average frequency of blood transfusion in Beta Thalassemia Major patients
2. To measure Serum Ferritin level in Beta thalassemia Major patients
3. To determine the association between Serum ferritin level and age, average frequency of
blood transfusion in Beta Thalassemia Major Patients.
Methods and Material: Fifty blood samples of clinically diagnosed Beta Thalassemia major
patients were collected for estimation of Serum Ferritin levels. Serum Ferritin measurement
was performed using indirect enzyme linked immune sorbent based assay kit. Data were
analysed to determine association between Serum Ferritin and age, gender and frequency of
blood transfusion.
Statistical analysis used: Descriptive statistics, Regression, Correlation
Results: The mean Serum Ferritin level was found to be 3639.75 mg/ml. Five patients had
Serum Ferritin <1000 mg/ml, Twenty three patients had Serum Ferritin between 1000-3500
mg/ml and twenty two patients had Serum Ferritin >3500 mg/ml.
Conclusion: The study showed high levels of Serum Ferritin in Beta Thalassemia major
patients. Serum Ferritin levels should be monitored regularly to assess the status of iron
overload and to rationalize the use of chelation therapy and avoid complications related to
iron overload.

Background: Many newer tests are now available to diagnose iron deficiency in CKD but these tests are not widely used in India as these tests are expensive and patients cannot afford these tests. Hence the traditional tests serum ferritin and transferrin saturation are needed to be studied more thoroughly to infuse IV iron to patients with iron deficiency anemia in CKD as many cannot afford ESAs and blood. Ferritin is an important indicator of iron overload as well as an acute phase reactant which increases in inflammatory conditions. Serum ferritin getting raised both in iron deficiency anemia and inflammatory states complicates our diagnosis. In this scenario TSAT plays important role in ruling out iron overload and inflammation is ruled out by inflammatory markers.
Objective: To study the effect of IV iron in patients with serum ferritin >1000ng/ml and TSAT <20%.
Methodology: This study was conducted at Department of Medicine, M.L.B. Medical College; Jhansi from March 2020 to November 2021, after seeking clearance from ethical committee and obtaining written informed consent from patient.
Result: It was seen than 18 patients showed improvement and had increase in Hb by 1g/dl. 1 patient had a reaction and transfusion was stopped immediately and 1 patient was lost to follow up.
Conclusion: Against the popular belief that infusion of iron in patients with raised serum ferritin should not be given, this study showed that after ruling out other causes of raised serum ferritin and iron overload by calculating TSAT, IV iron can be given to patients with raised serum ferritin as it shows improvement in anemia.

Aim: To determine the relationship between biochemical indicators and the severity of COVID-19.
Methods: Blood samples were obtained by competent doctors and nurses in accordance with ICMR
guidelines. The samples were then forwarded to the central biochemistry laboratory for additional
analysis. The Access-2 completely automated chemical analyzer was used to test ferritin, quantitative
CRP, and IL-6, while the AU 480 analyzer was used to assess LDH.
Results: We included 200 confirmed covid-19 patients in our trial. All of the patients were above the
age of 18. The prevalence of HTN, diabetes, CKD, COPD, and Cardiac Disease in the study patients
was 40%, 32%, and 15%, respectively. 20 and 30 percent, respectively. In the current research, the
mean values of IL-6, ferritin, CRP, and LDH were shown to be higher in covid patients, with the rise
being greater in patients on intubation. The mean and standard deviation of biochemical parameters in
non-ICU, ICU, and intubation patients.
Conclusion: Serum CRP, LDH, IL-6, and ferritin levels that are increased may be employed as
laboratory indicators for a bad prognosis in COVID-19.

The aim of the study detects the relation between serum ferritin and hepcidin with hepatitis C virus One hundred subjects (men and women) were taken in the current study. Forty-four subjects without infection used like control group and fifty-six subjects with hepatitis C virus. The results demonstrate high significant (P < 0.05) elevate in levels of serum ferritin and hepcidin in subjects with hepatitis C compare with health subjects. It was concluded that there is positive relationship between serum ferritin, hepcidin and hepatitis C.

Aim: Predicting the mortality of COVID-19 with a spectrum of complications is a difficult task for prognostication and management. When individual level data of COVID-19 patients were not yet available, there is a need for risk predictors to support the treatment decisions. The study aims to identify the high accurate marker to measure the prognosis and outcome of COVID19.
Methods:
COVID-19 course is divided into four stages, according to chest computed tomography (C.T.) progress. The demographics, disease exposure history, clinical condition, laboratory tests, computed tomographic chest scan, and outcome data were collected and measured their correlation to assess the risk predictor.
Results:
The 10.4% mortality (n=52) was observed in total population. D-dimer (μg/dL) levels observed as 0.75 ± 0.65 in expired patients. NLR ratio observed as 17.1 in expired patients. Ferritin levels were observed as 49.8 ± 32.5 in expired patients. A D-dimer positive predictive value of 72.5% and a negative predictive value of 88% for a predictor of mortality. Ferritin positive predictive value of 35.5% and a negative predictive value of 76.5% for the predictor of mortality. Hence, the AUC of serum ferritin 0.598 represents the poor ability to discriminate the prediction for the cause of death than D-dimer levels. D‐dimer > 2 μg/dL on admission was associated with in‐hospital death. These main findings indicate that D‐dimer on admission >2.0 μg/dl was the independent predictor of hospital death in patients with Covid‐19. A D-dimer has the highest positive predictive value than serum ferritin levels.
Conclusion: The AUC for D- dimer at admission was 0.880, with an optimal cutoff of 2.2 μg/dL in predicting the cause of mortality. D‐dimer on admission > 2.0 μg/mL (fourfold increase) is the best predict in‐hospital mortality and a helpful marker to improve the management of Covid‐19.

Background: Thyroid hormones are essential and have various effects. For instance, they maintain normal growth and regulate metabolism. Hypothyroidism is a condition where the body doesn’t make enough thyroid hormones and people with hypothyroidism usually have a slower metabolism. The serum ferritin levels and vitamin D levels have been changed in patients with Hypothyroidism.
Objective: a study has been carried out to investigate the association among thyroid disorder and the levels of both vitamin D and ferritin.
Materials and Method: The BMI was calculated using the formula BMI= weight (kg)/ height2 (m)2. Vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D), ferritin, T3, T4 and TSH levels were measured using the ELFA (Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay, Model: bioMérieux). the results were analysed using SPSS package (version 18).
Results: The results indicated that the age of participants played an ignorable role in this investigation, while significant increases (P<0.05) differences were noticed between the patients and controls in terms of BMI, 25(OH) vit D, ferritin, TSH, T3 and T4. There was also a significant difference(P<0.05) between male and female patients in terms of ferritin, TSH, T3 and T4 in comparison with the controls.
Conclusion: The low levels of Vitamin D and Ferritin concentration were associated with the Patients of hypothyroidism