European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Background:Recently, a number of publications have raised concern about the rising
prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Telangana. The International Diabetes Federation has
named Saudi Arabia among the top 10 countries with the highest prevalence of diabetes
Objective of the Study: To observe and evaluate the incidence and complications seen in
infants of diabetic mothers.
Materials and Methods: It is a prospective observational time bound study conducted
Yashoda Hospital, Telangana, India from December 2019 to November 2020. All live
babies born to mothers with GDM or pregestational DM were enrolled in study.
Maternal history and complications during labour were recorded. APGAR scores
assessed. Investigation for glucose estimation, PCV, serum calcium, serum bilirubin was
sent. Chest X ray was done in babies with respiratory distress. 2D ECHO, USG
abdomen, USG cranium were done in all babies after stablisation.
Results: 70 neonates were born to diabetic mothers. 2 IUD and 6 still born were
excluded from study and 62 neonates were evaluated. 2 neonates died.70.96% were
term babies and 29 % preterm. 40 infants (64.5%) were born to GDM mothers, 20
(32.3%) to mothers with type 2 DM and 2(3.2%) to type 1 DM. 16.2% were LGA while
12.9% were SGA. Hypocalcemia was seen in 4 neonates (6.7%). Hyperbilirubinemia
was seen in 4 (13.3%). Sepsis was seen in 8 neonates. CHDs were seen in 42.9%, most
common being ASD/PFO 21.3%. VSD was seen in 10.7%, PDA in 7.1% and septal
hypertrophy in 3.5%. One case had pyloric atresia and one had RDS. Association
between HbA1c levels and complications like macrosomia, hypoglycemia, congenital
anomalies was not significant in our study.
Conclusion: Neonates born to diabetic mother are at a high risk of developing
complications like hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia and cardiac defects.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common congenital defects, present at birth, it can affect the walls, valves or the great vessels of the heart. CHD considered to be among the most common malformations in newborn infants with an incidence of 8 out of 1000 live births worldwide. Children with congenital disease certainly need special health care. Healthy teeth and gums are important for everyone, especially for children with heart conditions. Providing children with dental care during the COVID-19 pandemic, and in particular during the increased social restrictions, can be a challenging task. The purpose of writing this systematic review is to examine about oral health condition and dental care in children with congenital heart disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data source of Pubmed, published from 2011-2021. After eliminating duplicated articles, the titles and abstracts of each article were analyzed across 119 articles resulting in 86 articles being excluded. The full-text articles in the remaining 33 articles were re-analyzed and excluded 23 articles and produced 10 articles which were then entered into the analysis. Based on this systematic review shows that children with congenital heart disease (CHD) have poor oral health. Education and disease awareness about and prevention of dental illnesses have to be guided and steered by the parents. The role of dentists and pediatricians is very important in this case. Providing children with dental care during the COVID-19 pandemic, and in particular during the increased social restrictions, can be a challenging task.