European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Eosinophils represent a key cell driving inflammatory processes in diseases such as asthma and eosinophilic esophagitis. The entire process of migration and activation of eosinophils is orchestrated by a myriad of molecules, among which interleukin 5 (IL5) plays a crucial role. Another receptor expressed on eosinophils is chemo-attractant receptor like expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2). CRTH2 activation has a prominent role in stimulating Th2 and type 2 innate lymphoid cells to produce IL5 in disease tissue, but also induces eosinophils migration and adhesion. Prostaglandin D2 is the endogenous ligand of CRTH2, predominately released by activated mast cells, another key cell involved in eosinophilic diseases. Consequently, the IL5 and CRTH2 pathway are likely triggered simultaneously in eosinophils in disease tissue. Understanding the molecular effects of CRTH2 and IL5 receptor (IL5R) activated eosinophils might provide new insights for efficient eosinophils blocking. We performed gene expression profiling with isolated human eosinophils to compare the molecular signatures of CRTH2 and IL5R activation. The identified genes were confirmed using an orthogonal technology, and simultaneous IL5R and CRTH2 activation was investigated on the protein level. This study reveals that IL5R and CRTH2 activation trigger a similar molecular response in eosinophils with stronger IL5R effects. C-C chemokine ligand 2 was produced synergistically upon IL5R and CRTH2 stimulation and might contribute to monocyte and macrophage recruitment to disease tissue. The effect on C-C chemokine receptor 1 suggests that eosinophils maturation in the tissue might even occur in absence of IL5 via the CRTH2 pathway.

Background: Subsiding of dependent oedema with chiropractic treatment for sciatica has not been described in the literature. Case presentation: A 40-year-old woman presented with unbearable sciatic nerve pain which restricted her in doing daily activities. She also had bilateral leg swelling for some time and no apparent physical causes could be found after being reviewed by a cardiologist. The patient subsequently sought chiropractic care to relieve her pain. She unexpectedly experienced a beneficial outcome from spinal adjustment in which both sciatic nerve pain and leg oedema were simultaneously resolved. It is reasonable to say that ease of mobility from pain relief and increased lymphatic return from sympathetic responses can help eliminating leg oedema following spinal adjustment. Conclusions: The pathophysiology of oedema formation is multifactorial and the therapeutic role of chiropractic remains inconclusive in this case. Further researches are need in this area before the integration of chiropractic into cardiovascular practice.

Acquired angioedema is a rare complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It is generally secondary to C1 inhibitor deficiency due to antibody formation directed against the C1 inhibitor molecule. Face, mouth, tongue, lips, extremities and genitalia are generally involved but also respiratory and gastrointestinal mucosa may be affected. We report a case of a young woman with SLE who presented a severe airway obstruction caused by angioedema. We discuss her diagnostic and therapeutic management including a review of the literature.

Undeterred efforts are reported and still continue in future to achieve the goals of virologic suppression in HIV-infected individuals. Dolutegravir is the result of all the efforts made in this direction. It is a recent integrase inhibitor drug approved by the US FDA (Food and Drug Administration) for use in the treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients. This article has reviewed all the aspects of the drug, including the structural and functional analyses, in vitro activity, pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interactions, MOA, metabolism, excretion, dosing/adverse effects and resistance profile. Dolutegravir is a potent and well tolerated antiretroviral agent that can play an important role in the treating patients harboring resistance to other antiretrovirals. Some new combinations of drug with other antiretrovirals are also in the pipeline that can increase the immunologic response of the HIV patients.

Higher prevalence and growing burden of knee Osteoarthritis (OA) combined with recent safety concerns about pharmacological interventions has increased demand for new effective technologies for its management. Need of the hour is an innovative treatment alternative which may repair cartilage damage rather than just reduce symptoms of pain. Hyaluronic acid (HA) and PRP has been shown to relieve pain and symptoms as well as slow the progression of disease as stand-alone therapy. Treatment combining these modalities could be particularly hopeful owing to their positive and diverse interaction among themselves. Combinational treatment using both PRP and HA was performed on a series of 12 patients with early stage primary knee OA who fulfilled all the designated inclusion and exclusion criteria. All the patients were evaluated before and after treatment (1, 3, 6 and 12 months) by physical examination, assessment of VAS for pain, WOMAC, IKDC, KOOS and OKS to record the patient-reported improvement in pain, functionality and quality of life (QOL). 2-tailed Mann Whitney U Test was performed to assess the effect of treatment at different follow-up times of all the clinical scores. Whereas, Pearson correlation coefficient was done to evaluate the correlation between different clinical scores. For all tests, p < 0.05 was considered significant. All patients showed statistically significant improvement in all orthopedics scores evaluated. VAS score was improved significantly from 3.00 ± 0.49 at baseline to 1.57 ± 0.41 (p = 0.031) in Grade I and 3.60 ± 0.51 at baseline to 2.10 ± 0.29 (p = 0.031) in Grade II patients at 6 months’ follow-up respectively. Other scores followed similar trends with statistically significant improvement at 6 months’ follow-up which maintained throughout till end of the study period. All patients treated experienced strong functional improvement and substantial gains in pain relief, functionality and QOL. Hence our preliminary findings suggest that combined PRP and HA procedure is safe and potentially efficacious, which merits further investigation in large clinical settings and also in controlled clinical trials with long-term follow-ups. Focal Points Bench side: Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) deliver a large pool of signalling proteins including growth factors and cytokines to the local milieu driving the tissue regeneration and repair mechanisms which when combined with high molecular weight cross-linked hyaluronan could bestow greater viscoelastic properties and alleviate the symptoms of osteoarthritis. Bedside: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative disease and there is no cure for OA except medical management and partial/total knee replacement in advanced stage. PRP along with HA could have the therapeutic potential to promote cartilage regeneration and inhibit inflammation synergistically by decreasing the friction coefficient and minimizing wear. Community: The burden of OA on quality of life, disability and health care utilization is quite high. Combined PRP and HA could be an effective single-dose treatment modality restoring the functional activities and considerably reducing effective cost of the treatment. Governments and regulatory agencies: The technology to obtain PRP is FDA-approved and its safety and efficacy has been well established through several clinical studies. Regulatory agencies should consider the evidences put forth by the researchers and sanction grants to investigate in larger clinical settings and also in controlled trials with different ethnicities with long-term follow-ups.

Evans syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder with an unknown etiology. In this paper, we report the case of a 32-year-old Saudi woman living with Evans syndrome for more than 8 years (post-splenectomy) who was also diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). She was admitted to our Hospital with severe headache and confusion due to cerebral venous thrombosis. The major hematologic manifestations of SLE were pancytopenia and the antiphospholipid syndrome, which are indicators of disease activity when all other possible causes are excluded. The patient was treated with anticoagulation and immunosuppressive therapy and subsequently showed significant improvements in thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, and anemia. This case report provides an overview of the association between Evan syndrome and SLE.

Introduction: Leukemic involvement of the breast is extremely rare but constitutes an oncologic emergency. Imaging findings of T-Cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) recurrence in the breasts have not been previously described. Case Description: Patient is a 25 year old female who presented with symptoms of superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction secondary to a mediastinal mass status post biopsy demonstrating T-ALL, which was cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) positive and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), and 80% Ki-67 positive. She was treated with chemotherapy and post-treatment positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) demonstrated resolution of mediastinal mass, with no evidence of distant disease. She underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) in first remission. Seven months post-HSCT, patient presented with a large area of tender swelling of both the breasts with biopsy demonstrating relapsed T-ALL. Radiologic findings showed bilateral breast masses on ultrasound and mammogram, which were hypermetabolic on PET/CT. Conclusions: Breast involvement in leukemia recurrence, a very rare entity, can present with palpable masses. Mammographic findings in leukemia can include masses or architectural distortion, they are typically hyperechoic on ultrasound, and can have marked uptake on PET/CT. Oncologists, primary care providers and radiologists should be aware of leukemia presentations in the breast for prompt referral for urgent management.

The AVM is a rare congenital disease that often affects the brain and only rarely we find in other organs. In this pathology there is an alteration of the vascular system, with the arteries discharging directly into the veins, bypassing the capillary system; this puts the patient at high risk of sudden hemorrhage. Today we present the case of a young woman suffering from unknown pulmonary avm. The breakdown of this avm caused a hemothorax in the immediate post-cesarean, necessitating emergency surgery and subsequent intensive care.

Oral Abstracts First report of a case of central nervous system vasculitis associated to the use of the check point inhibitor ipilimumab Juan Maya, Florentina Berianu, Benjamin Wang, Andy Abril and Ronald R. Butendieck Jr. Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, US

Corpus callosum includes a large amount of axons with various degrees of myelination, interconnecting cerebral hemispheres. Tumors, demyelinating diseases, infections, trauma and metabolic diseases as well as vascular lesions may affect corpus callosum, often extending to other white matter areas of the brain. We describe the case of a 76 years old male patient with history of arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and normal pressure hydrocephalus, developing dysphagia during hospitalization. Ab-ingestis pneumonia caused brain hypoxia and coma; brain magnetic resonance disclosed isolated demyelination of corpus callosum that was not present before hypoxia. Compared to neurons and astrocytes, oligodendrocytes are reported as particularly sensitive to hypoxia. Respiratory involvement without blood flow impairment could have lead to a prevalent oligodendrocytes damage, resulting in a selective demyelination of corpus callosum. Our patient indeed evolved into persistent vegetative state and died five months after hypoxic episode. This case report could give some insight about in vivo brain susceptibility to hypoxic damage.

To evaluate the clinical, immunological and microbiological efficacy of local application of Thymoquinone (TQ) gel in subjects with grade C periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six individuals of both sexes aged between24 and 37 years, diagnosed as grade C periodontitis with pocket depth ≥5 mm were selected for this study. The patients received a complete prophylaxis including scaling and root planning (SRP) followed by local intrapocket administration of placebo gel in the control group and 0.2% TQ gel in the study group sites. Probing pocket depth (PPD), relative attachment level (RAL), matrix metallo-proteniease-8 (MMP8) concentration in
gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetecomitans (A.a) count in subgingival plaque were measured and recorded at baseline and 8 weeks postoperatively. Results: At 8 weeks evaluation period, TQ group showed a significant reduction in PPD, RAL, MMP-8 levels in GCF and A.a count in subgingival plaque samples when compared to the placebo group. Conclusion: The results showed more favorable clinical, immunological and microbiological outcomes with topically administered 0.2 % TQ gel when used as an adjunct to nonsurgical periodontal therapy in subjects with grade C periodontitis.

The Umbelliferone (UMB)molecule was optimized by density functional theory with B3LYP/6-311G (d,p) and HF /6-311G (d, p) basis set. The time-dependent DFT method was engaged to calculate the Frontier Molecular orbitals (FMOs) of the UMB molecule. The reactivity and selectivity of UMB are analyzed using parameters like MEP, global reactivity descriptors, Fukui function. Mulliken atomic charges are calculated and interpreted. The TDOS, PDOS and OPDOS of the molecule have been plotted and interpreted. Thermodynamic properties of the title molecule calculated.The molecular docking analysis reveals that inhibitory nature of the UMB molecule is a proved inhibitor of thePI3K inhibitor activity.

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) wireless systems using OFDM promise to provide the needed performance for future consumer products. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques have been actively pursued in underwater acoustic communications recently to increase the data rate over the bandwidth-limited channels. In this paper, we present a MIMO system design, where spatial multiplexing is applied with OFDM signals for LTE network. Providing QoS while optimizing the LTE network in a cost efficient manner is very challenging. Thus, radio scheduling is one of the most important functions in mobile broadband networks. In this paper we are implementing MIMO-OFDM systems for LTE standards for mobile communication.

Pain And Inflammation Are Disabling Accompaniments Of Many Medical Conditions. So, Controlling Both Pain And Inflammation Assumes The Top Priority For The Physician. Inflammation Is A Part Of A Complex Biological Response Of Vascular Tissues To Harmful Stimuli Such As Pathogens, Chemicals Or Irritants. Therapy Of Pain And Inflammation Has Always Been Debatable. Methods: Rats Were Divided Into 10 Groups Of 6 Animals Of Each. The Antiinflammatory Activity Was Studied With Carrageenan Induced Rat Paw Edema Models. The Analgesic Activity Was Evaluated Using Tail Flick And Eddy’s Hot Plate Model. The Ethanolic Extract Of Balanitesa Egyptiaca Whole Plant Preparations Were Compared With Indomethacine In Both Acute And Sub Acute Inflammatory Models. The As 400 Mg/Kg Show Significant Increase In Latency To Tail Flick And Eddy’s Hot Plate Method Compared To Control Group (P > 0.05). The Highest Nociception Inhibition Of Stimulus By As 400 Mg/Kg (400 Mg/Kg) Was Observed Up To 180 Minutes. Various Test Result Parameters Were Statistically Analysed At P Value. The Present Results Suggest That Ethanolic Extract Of Balanitesa Egyptiaca Suppresses The First Phase Of Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema, Thus, Confirming An Nsaid-Like Property.

Amlodipine is an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker and partial agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Here, we investigated the protective capacity of Amlodipine against high glucose (HG) elicited oxidative. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), NADPH oxidase (NOX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) as well as the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and all other in-vitro & in-vivo antioxidant experimental models. Moreover, the direct antioxidant effect of amlodipine was determined by 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assay and protein expression. Amlodipine exhibited antioxidant activity inthe ABTS assay with the IC₅₀value of 37.5 µM. Additionally, the cell viability, GSH level, SOD and CAT activity were notably elevated by amlodipine. These findings suggest that amlodipine has protective effects on Management of Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus.

The present study revealed that home gardens of Kollam district of Kerala are having diverse plant resources of both ecological and economic significance. A preliminary vegetation survey was conducted in 10 different home gardens in Kollam district of Kerala. A total of 255 plant species belonging to 202 genera and representing 83 families was encountered from 10 home gardens consisting of 57 trees 52 shrubs and 146 herbs excluding cultivars of Musa and Heveaspp, of these The different use category plants are studied, including 156 ornamental plants , 27fruits yielding plants, 30 species of vegetables, 150 species of medicinal plants, 24 species of timbers, 16 species of fuel woods, 18 species of spices and10 species of  miscellaneous plants are presented of  these plants IUCN,  RET category and endemic  plants like Baccoureacourtalensis, Vateriaindica, Woodfordiafruticosa, Saracaasoka  were encountered.. Hence It is necessary to study in detail whether home gardening in Kerala can be a viable mechanism for biodiversity/ex-situ  conservation of Biodiversity.Thus  Home gardening can play an important role in advancing food and nutritional security and also strengthening the provisioning of numerous ecosystem services in conserving the Biodiversity.
 
Key words: Ex-situ conservation, Home gardens, Ago-biodiversity,

Antibodies presently available for research, diagnostic and therapies are mostly mammalian monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies. Traditionally, bigger animals such as horses, sheep, pigs, rabbits and guinea pigs were used for the production of polyclonal antibodies, Chicken eggs present an ideal alternative antibody source to mammals, as the IgY in the chicken’s blood is transported to the egg and accumulates in the egg yolk in large quantities. The yolks of eggs laid by immunized chicken have been recognized as an excellent source of polyclonal antibodies for over a decade. This simple non invasive approach presents an appealing alternative to conventional polyclonal antibody production methods. This review offers summarized information about production of edible antibodies used for passive immunization.
 
Key words: Immunoglobulin Y; Antibody; Chicken eggs; Immunization

Demonetisation refers to the act of stripping a currency as legal tender. In demonetisation the current form of money is removed from circulation and retired. It is an economic process in which a country’s currency unit is no longer legal tender.Demonetisation is a move in which a government bans the notes or coins of a certain denomination. The honorable Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced demonetisation in India on November 8, 2016 where   Rs 500 and Rs 1000 notes were withdrawn from circulation. It was a major event of the year 2016. The present paper attempts to explain the meaning of demonetisation, examine the reasons for demonetisation, find out the extent of demonetisation, explore the positive and negative impact of demonetisation on Indian economy and also provides suggestions. The present study is based on secondary data and the secondary sources includes books, journals, websites, magazines, newspapers etc
KEYWORDS: Demonetisation, black money, corruption, cashless economy, digitization etc

Background:Hearing loss not only causes a deficiency in a person’s capacity to perceive
sounds, but it also brings about psychosocial compromises. The present study was
conducted to compare efficacy of two different hearing aids in patients with hearing
loss.
Materials & Methods: 72 patients with hearing loss were divided into 2 groups. Each
group had 36 patients. Group I comprised of channels ranged from 1 to 16. Group II
had the number of channels ranged from 2 to 16. The minimum frequency ranged from
100 to 160 Hz and the maximum from 5,800 to 7,600 Hz. Total individual subjective
satisfaction (TISS) scores were also recorded.
Results: The group I had 17 males and 109 females and group II had 20 males and 16
females. The mean TISS score at 1 month, 6 months and 12 months in group I was 50,
55 and 63 and in group II was 60, 68 and 75 respectively (P< 0.05). The difference was
significant (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: Devices with good technologic features such as more channels, a lower
minimum frequency, and a higher maximum frequency result in better hearing.

Background: The incidence of perforations of the TM due to trauma is on the increase
consequent to trauma, and increased violence and accidents seen in present-day life.
The present study was conducted to assess tympanic membrane perforation in adult
population.
Materials & Methods:80 patients with tympanic membrane perforation of both genders
were included. Clinical parameters such as cause of injury, side, site, complaints and
type was recorded.
Results: Left side was involved in 38 and right side in 42, Site was anterior in 46 and
posterior in 30 and undefined in 4. Complaint was otalgia in 78, tinnitus in 70,
otorrhoea in 80 and vertigo in 14. Cause was RTA in 32, domestic assault in 28 and
armed robbery in 20. Type was penetrating in 56 and non- penetrating in 24. The
difference was significant (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: Most common side involved was right and road traffic accident was the
main reason for tympanic membrane perforation

Malnutrition includes both over nutrition and under nutrition. Country like Indiaharbours burden
of both types. College students are highly vulnerable to malnutrition as they seem tobe nonchalant
about their dietary habits, physical activity and general health due to academic burdenand lack of
time. With increasing importance given to physical appearance one group of students areinto diet,
consumption of dietary pills and bulimia. On the other hand another set of students areaddictedto
junk food andsedentarylife and end up in overnutrition. Our study aim is a) To estimate the
prevalence of malnutrition among medical studentsb) To assessthefactorsassociated with
malnutrition amongmedical students.Acrosssectionalstudy was done among undergraduate
medical students. Asemi-structuredquestionnairewasselfadministeredamong200studentsandalsoanthropometricexaminationwasconducted
andBMI
wascalculatedwiththe quetlet’s equation(weightinkgdivided by height in m2 ) The dietary habits
and intensity and frequency of physical activity werequestioned.Thedatawasentered in an Excel
sheet and theresults weretabulated.According to the WHO BMI scale , 13 students were
underweight , 113 were healthy ,55 were overweight and 19 were obese . Obese and Overweight
students were found to be morelethargicand had worsedietaryhabits than
thehealthystudents.Obesity and overweight is quite common among medical students .
Awarenessabout the ill effects of malnutrition has to be provided and medical students should be
encouraged totake care of their health so that they can adapt to a healthy lifestyle and also
practice the education ofhealthpromotion amongtheirpatients in future.

Background: Sinusitis refers to a group of disorders characterized by inflammation of
the mucosa of the paranasal sinuses. The present study was conducted to assess efficacy
of middle meatal antrostomy in the management of chronic maxillary sinusitis.
Materials & Methods:62 patients of chronic maxillary sinusitis of both
gendersunderwent complete otorhinolaryngological examination with nasal endoscopy
under local anesthesia. A clinical otorhinolaryngological examination and nasal
endoscopy was repeated on visits 2 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year
postoperatively.
Results: Radiological score 0 was seen in 10, 1 in 20 and 2 in 32. Endoscopic appearance
score for polyp at baseline was 26, at 6 months was 10 and at 1 year was 1, endoscopic
appearance score for odema at baseline was 54, at 6 months was 12 and at 1 year was 2.
Endoscopic appearance score for secretion at baseline was 62, at 6 months was 20 and
at 1 year was 4. Symptoms score at 6 months for nasal blockage was 26, facial pain was
11, headache was 5, epistaxis was 6, post nasal discharge was 7. Symptoms score at 1
year for nasal blockage, facial pain, headache, epistaxis and post nasal discharge was 5,
2, 1, 1 and 2 respectively. The difference was significant (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: Middle meatal antrostomy is a safe and effective procedure in patients
suffering from chronic maxillary sinusitis.

Size and site of tympanic membrane perforation is proportionate to
degree of hearing loss, larger the perforation, greater the hearing loss. The present
study was conducted to assess the size and site of tympanic membrane perforation and
hearing loss.
Materials & Methods: 75 patients with tympanic membrane perforation of both
genders were divided into 3 groups based on size of perforation such as group I with 0-
9mm2, group II with 10-30mm2 and group III with >30mm2 perforation. Site was
anterior, posterior and multiple. Hearing loss was calculated.
Results: Group I patients had 28.4 dB, group II had 382 dB and group III had 47.5 dB
hearing loss. In group I, anterior site was seen in 16, posterior in 5 and multiple in 4
cases, in group II, anterior in 8, posterior in 7 and multiple in 10 cases and in group III,
anterior in 8, posterior in 5 and multiple in 12 cases. The difference was significant (P<
0.05).
Conclusion: As the size of the perforation increased, hearing loss also increased

Physical training has always remained a suitable intervention to overcome the muscle degenerative situations such as sarcopenia not only in the old but also in late-adult and middle-age. This study is aimed to investigate the intervention of physical activity and naturally occurring biologically active compounds of medicinal value in addressing age related skeletal muscle changes. Basella albaalso known as Indian spinach has antiulcer potential, anti-inflammatory activity and hypo-glycemic activity, a natural antioxidant can offer better defense against age related changes in the supplemented physical trained rats. Rats were categorized into four sub-groups. Sedentary control, SE-C; sedentary supplemented, SE-C(S); swim trainees at thermo neutral temperature, SW-T(N) and supplemented swim trainees at thermo neutral temperature, SW-T(N+S). The results suggest that swimming is capable of improving skeletal muscle endurance and mass.  Basella alba supplementation ameliorates the benefits of swim exercise.Basella alba and swim training showed changes and increase in the endurance capacity of skeletal muscles.
 
Keywords: basella alba, extensor digitorum longus,gastrocnemius, soleus,physical activity.

Basella alba  has hypo-glycemic activity. The present study evaluated the benefits of the natural antioxidant, Basella alba, in treating the effect of age-related oxidative stress. Male Wistarrats of 3- , 12- and 18-months of age received a daily oral supplement of Basella alba for a period of 3 months.  At the end of this period, markers of oxidative stress were assessed in the erythrocytes. Basella alba lowered oxidative stress in erthrocytes. These results demonstrated the antioxidant activity of Basella alba probably confers the capacity to reduce oxidative stress in erythrocytes of aging rats. They also suggest a critical role for Basellain reducing blood glucose level and better haemoglobin content.
Keywords: aging,antioxidant, basella alba, erythrocytes, haemoglobin, haematocrit.
 

Background: Being the only bone which is involved in movement, there is a possibility of its change according to the life style that would be followed in a particular region. It has been observed that there are minute changes in different races, in different geographical regions and so it has become one of the most important bones to be studied in Forensic Medicine. This kind of studies has been seldom done in our population and this study puts in a sincere effort to find the angle in our population.
 
Aims and Objectives: To study the mandibular angle in bones of this region.
 
Results: The mean mandibular angle was found to be 133.67 degrees with a standard deviation of ±7.86 degree.
 
Conclusion: This study successfully reported the angle in the population.
 
Keyword: Mandibular, angle, forensic, medicine
 

 
Background: The traditional way of teaching includes a series of lectures which would be taken up by the experts in the subject. The whole medical education is compartmentalized and the students are unable to understand the larger picture. The alignment and integration of the subjects are not happening and majority of the times the students do not had a clue. This study tries to understand whether this alignment works in favour of the students or the traditional method is better.
 
Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study is to study the importance of alignment of subjects in the first year MBBS curriculum. The objective of the study is to uunderstand the perception of the students, to find out the effectiveness of alignment of subjects by conducting a MCQ test immediately after conducting a set of classes and to find out the retaining capacity of students by checking the scores of the students in the MCQ exams which would be conducted in a surprise manner after fifteen days of teaching.
 
Methods:
 
Design: Interventional, Cross-over Design
 
Settings: This study was done in the Department of Anatomy, Kanachur Institute of Medical Sciences
 
Subjects: I year MBBS Students.
The study was done from September 2017 to August 2018 (1 year duration)
 
Sample Size: 100 students divided into 2 groups
 
Intervention: Perfectly aligned topics in 1^st year teaching with double blinding.
 
Tools: Validated Questionnaire for perception and Validated MCQ.
 
Results:

The perception scores are better in the aligned subjects teaching group.
The MCQ scores are better in the aligned subjects teaching group in the examination which was taken immediately.
The MCQ scores are better in the aligned subjects teaching group in surprise exams which was conducted after 15 days.

 
Conclusion: The alignment of topics makes the students to understand the topics better. It is better perceived by the students and also the retaining of the subject better.
 
Keyword: cross sectional, interventional, alignment, MBBS and curriculum

The present investigation focuses on the bioremediation of waste water by using various microalgae like Scenedesmus dimorphus, Oscillatoria willei, Chroococcus minutus and Lyngbya confervoides. For the study the industrial waste water samples and algal samples were collected from Kayamkulam Lake near NTPC, Alappuzha district, Kerala. Water samples were analysed for 12 Physico- Chemical parameters such as pH, Alkalinity, DO, Chloride, Total Hardness, Calcium, Phosphate, Sulphate, Nitrate, BOD, COD, Silicate and Heavy metals using standard methods. Algae were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. Four most abundant and pollution tolerant taxa were isolated from the effluent and cultured in BBM and ATCC growth media. These cultures are used for the bioremediation of the above mentioned Physico-chemical parameters. The percentage reduction of each parameter was recorded from the samples treated with these algae. The percentage reduction attained with S. dimorphus was Alkalinity (46%), Phosphate (86.14%), Nitrate (77.64%), Sulphate (33.16%), Chloride (56%), Iron (42.8%), COD (71.23%) and BOD (89.72%).  In case of O. willei, the percentage reduction observed was Alkalinity (49%), Phosphate (79%), Nitrate (71%), Sulphate (66.7%), Silicate (72%), Iron (53%), COD (76%) and BOD (66%). The percentage reduction with the treatment of L.confervoides was Alkalinity (43%), Phosphate (77%), Nitrate (71%), Sulphate (59.6%), COD (68%) and BOD (62%) and in  case of C. minutus, the reduction noticed was Alkalinity (56%), Phosphate (92%), Nitrate (68%), Sulphate (52.9%), Silicate (89%), Chloride (52%),  COD (51%) and BOD (52%) The results were discussed in the text.
KEYWORDS:  Phycoremediation, Water Pollution, NTPC

ABSTRACT:
Background:Nasal septal deviations are very commonly found in regular nasal
examinations. The present study was conducted to assess cases of nasal septal deviations.
Materials & Methods: 54 patients of deviated nasal septum of both genders underwent
septoplasty. Outcome was recorded.
Results: Out of 54 patients, males were 26 and females were 28. The septal deviation was
causal in 28, midseptum in 16 and posterior septum in 10 cases. The difference was
significant (P< 0.05). The mean NOSE value pre- operatively was 56.2 and postoperatively
was 23.8. The difference was significant (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: There was significant improvement in NOSE score following septoplasty.

Background:Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) is the removal of tissue
obstructing the Osteo Metal Complex. The present study was conducted to determine
complications of FESS.
Materials & Methods: 82 adult patients of chronic rhino sinusitis selected for FESS of
both genders were examined with anterior and posterior rhinoscopy. Lanza Kennedy
criteria is used to grade nasal endoscopy findings looking at the presence of secretion,
oedema and polyps. The complications were recorded post operatively.
Results: Age group 15-24 years had 25 males and 18 females, 25-34 years had 12 and 12
females and 35-45 years had 11 males and 4 females. Common complaints was nasal
obstruction in 71, nasal discharge in 15, post nasal drip in 22, headache in 64, halitosis in
10, anosmia & hyposmia in 8 and earache/ ear fullness in 4 patients. Common
complications were synechia seen in 45, lower lid ecchymosis in 12, bleeding nose in 10
and orbital subcutaneous emphysema in 4 patients. The difference was significant (P<
0.05).
Conclusion: Common complications of FESS were synechia, lower lid ecchymosis,
bleeding nose and orbital subcutaneous emphysema.

The aim of the present study was focused on the development of nanoemulsion of carvedilol, an antihypertensive drug, to be administered through oral route. Twelvenanoemulsionformulations of carvedilol containing different oily phases and different proportions of surfactant-Tween 80 and co-surfactant- PEG 400 were prepared by ultrasonication method and after preliminary evaluation four formulations (F1, F2, F3& F4) were selected for further study. Prepared carvedilol containing nanoemulsions were evaluated for-droplet size and shape through Transmission Electron Microscopy, drug contents and in-vitro drug release patterns through dissolution studies. The entrapment efficiency for various formulations was found to be between 61.02±0.231% to 96.57±0.212%. The drug showed better release rate in comparison to conventional dosage form. All the formulations showed better results in terms of stability. Among the four formulations the best results were found with F1 formulation of carvedilol which gave the highest release of drug 31.28±3.46% after 1 hr and 88.41±2.72% after 24 hrs. The droplet size range in optimized formulation F1, F2, F3 and F4 was found to be between 20.76 to 107.38nm. The droplets were uniform and spherical in shape. It can be concluded that for oral administration of carvedilol a better solubility and bioavailability can be achieved by use of nanoemulsion formulation of the drug which otherwise has poor solubility and bioavailability.

Oral dryness – enigma to clinicians. The emergence of oral dryness and its unrelated to
salivary flow rates raised many questions over the hypothesis of oral dryness in post
menopausal women. The current review focussed on qualitative changes in saliva. The
parameters included calcium, Parathyroid hormone and Serum Estrogen. The effect of
hormone replacement therapy in alienating the oral symptoms was also reviewed.

Fungal infections have grown as a threat to the health of human beings over the past few years. In healthy state the human body houses many commensal fungalspecies, Candida albicans being one of them. In human beings who are healthy, the fungus is present in the body without causing any disease. However, the same fungus has potential to proliferate and produce a disease under diverse conditions. As per reports, presence of Candida species accounts for the most prevalent infection in surgical patients who are critically ill. A number of therapeutics have been used for treating candidal infections. Among them, Fluconazole is reported to be effective. Fluconazole is available commercially either as tablets or for IV administration for the treatment of infections occurring by Candida infestation. However, both the dosage forms formulated suffer from certain disadvantages. In order to overcome their drawbacks, in the present study, Fluconazole loaded nanoemulsion based gel was formulated and its efficacy evaluated as an attractive alternative treatment option for Candida infections. In vitro efficacy of Fluconazole loaded nanoemulgel, placebo formulation,  fluconazole gel and control (pure fluconazole) against Candida albicans (MTCC NO: 227) was compared using cup-plate method microbiological assay method. The nanoemulgel was formulated by addition of carbopol 934P (1% w/w) in optimized Fluconazole loaded nanoemulsion.A significantly higher (p≤0.05)zone of inhibition was observed for Fluconazole nanoemulgel (35±1.1 mm) in comparison to fluconazole gel (15±1.2 mm), placebo formulation (9±1.6 mm) and control (9.8±1.2 mm) after 24 hours. Further, after 72 hours, the Fluconazole nanoemulgel exhibited zone of inhibition (34.9± 1.6 mm) while the other three formulations (fluconazole gel, placebo formulation and pure fluconazole) did not exhibit any zone of inhibition.It was concluded that Fluconazole loaded nanoemulgel formulation due to its nanometricsize was effective in inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans more efficiently as compared to all the other formulations evaluated.

Our research “Land Degradation and Integrated Watershed Management System” is a Considering the deteriorating usefulness levels of inundated farming, the commitment from rainfed agribusiness ought to be expanded to meet the necessities from the consistently Bowing human and animal populace of India. Land degradation is a significant danger to our food and climate security and the degree of corruption issues are more articulated in rainfed locales. Huge capability of rainfed farming is undiscovered generally because of absence of empowering strategy backing and ventures. In dry spell inclined downpour took care of regions, watershed the board has shown the capability of multiplying the agrarian efficiency, expansion in water accessibility, rebuilding of natural equilibrium in the debased rainfed environments by greening these regions and broadening of editing cultivating frameworks. Effect of different watershed programmes can be significantly improved by growing new methodologies and empowering strategies new worldview dependent on learnings over most recent 30 years for individuals driven all-encompassing watershed the executives including assembly, aggregate activity, consortium approach, limit advancement to address value, productivity, climate and monetary concems is direly required. Anyway, this can be utilized as section point action for further developing business for provincial local area. It has been understood that for reasonable advancements of corrupted grounds, contribution of individuals (land less and recipients) is a lot of fundamental. For the last decade endeavors have been made standardize the associations of the local area and recipients and guaranteeing their inclusion in arranging project detailing, execution and upkeep.

Due to the rapid progress in the field of robotics, it is a high time to concentrate on the
development of a robot that can man in all type of landscapes, ascend and descend stairs and
sloping surfaces autonomously. This paper presents details of a prototype robot which can
navigate in very rough terrain, ascend and descend staircase as well as sloping surface and
cross ditches. The robot is made up of six differentially steered wheels and some passive
mechanism, making it suitable to cross long ditches and landscape undulation. Static stability
of the developed robot have been carried out analytically and navigation capability of the robot
is observed through simulation in different environment, separately. Description of embedded
system of the robot has also been presented and experimental validation has been made along
with some details on obstacle avoidance. Finally the limitations of the robot have been
explored with their possible reasons

A woven glass fabric is utilised as the outer skin, while epoxy is used as the matrix/adhesive
substance in this article's core material." For testing the flexural and compressive strength of
epoxy and fly ash sandwiched composites, three different mixtures were employed. Composites
having 65-35 percent fly ash and epoxy resin, 60-40 percent fly ash and resin, and 55-45 percent
epoxy resin are only a few examples of this kind of material (fly ash and epoxy resin). The 60-40
percent composite specimen fared better in flexure and compression tests than the 60-40 percent
metal specimen. The findings of the investigation are discussed and presented in this publication.
Just a few of the criteria utilised to evaluate this product include epoxy resin, compressive
strength, and flexural strength.

This paper describes the stiffness characteristics of a 3-PUU translational parallel kinematic
machine (PKM). An alternative method of generating the stiffness matrix is used when
considering actuators and limitations, as well as the compliances of both actuators and legs.
Extreme stiffness values and their design consequences are used to evaluate rigidity
manipulator performance.
Using the stiffness of a 3-PUU PKM in the design of its architecture is a good idea. Using an
eigenscrew decomposition of the PKM's stiffness matrix, it is possible to identify the PKM's
stiffness centre and the PKM's compliant axis, which provides a physical interpretation of
PKM stiffness.

Background: Plasma C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is an acute-phase protein whose serum level increases in response to inflammation, as happens in impacted ureteric calculus. Few studies have investigated the efficacy of silodosin, a selective alpha 1-A adrenoceptor antagonist, in medical expulsive therapy (MET) for distal ureteral calculi. The studies showed the efficacy of silodosin 8 mg/day as a potential treatment for distal ureteric calculus expulsion. In this study wedetermined the correlation of CRP Levels at the starting of MET and the success of METwith SILODOSIN after 3 weeks. Materials and Methods: 70 patients with distal ureteric calculus between 5-9 mm size were included in this study. They were divided into 2 groups based on the initial CRP level at the time of first presentation to the hospital.CRP level of 6mg/L was taken as cut-off. Group 1 with 35 patients having CRP value morethan 6and Group 2 with 35 patients having CRP value of less than 6.

According to Ayurveda, vandhyatwa means Infertility. In the Present era, 1 out of 6 couples is suffering from Vandhyatwa which means according to recent Indian statistics 2021 it is 10-14%. Very often couples who experience infertility feel like to get isolated and have to go through many barriers when trying to build their family. In most of the patients, the silence and stigma that sometimes surrounds infertility topics make them psychologically sick. So, for better results, Classical Management through UttaraBasti is one of the methods where we have opted in the Tubal blockage (one of the causative factors for Stree Vandhyatwa). The Aims & Objectives of the case study were to give better results in tubal blockage with the help of Classical Management through Uttara Basti. Materials & Methods:-This case was taken and treated in Dr.D.Y.Patil School of Ayurveda, Maharashtra. On examination, investigations reveal that patient has Tubal blockage. Intervention with Classical Management through UttaraBasti with Kumari Tailam was given for 3 alternate days from the 4^th day of her menstrual cycle for continuous 3 months. Result: - There was substantial relief found and the patient got conceived by the 5^th month of the Treatment. Conclusion: - In Ayurveda For any case correct diagnosis & timely Management with properly advised Lifestyle & nutrition always gives fruitful outcome.

3D printing or additive manufacturing has been spreading and advancing rapidly over the past few years. The implications of 3D printing are vast and the technology has the potential to revolutionize and disrupt the world of dentistry, with an ever-increasing application in the field. This study has been conducted to compare the accuracy of dental models 3D printed using two different technologies, namely SLA and DLP 3D printers. Materials and method: A mandibular typodont model was scanned using a professional structured-light desktop scanner to produce a reference 3D model. The STL files of the scanned reference model obtained were exported to both scanners. 3 models were obtained from each scanner and grouped into Group I and Group II. The printed models were then scanned using the desktop scanner to obtain STL files. These STL files were loaded into the 3D evaluation software and individually compared to the reference scan and evaluated in terms of trueness and precision. Results: No significant statistical differences were found in terms of accuracy and precision between Group I and Group II

Ancient Ayurvedic texts i. e. Samhitas are written in the Sanskrit language. Since ancient times, knowledge of the Sanskrit language is considered essential to study Ayurveda. Ayurveda academicians, i. e. teachers of various Ayurvedic teaching institutes were assessed for their views regarding the syllabus of Sanskrit subject and its importance in Ayurvedic studies. This cross-sectional pilot study was based on the subjective perceptions of a sample of 100 teachers from selected Ayurvedic institutions as per the convenience of investigators in Mumbai, Navi Mumbai, and Pune in the form of their responses to a 15 – closed-ended questions questionnaire designed for the purpose. Most of the participants opined that the language problem should not become a barrier to understanding original Ayurvedic texts. Panini Sutra and Panchatantra are considered necessary in the syllabus of Sanskrit. They felt the necessity of the study of original Ayurvedic texts, recitation of verses & reading Sanskrit commentaries too. The current syllabus is insufficient to make students proficient in Ayurvedic studies and also the pattern of teaching & examination should be changed to some extent. Viva-voce was also considered to be necessary to check the recitation and understanding ability of the students. As a tool in Ayurvedic studies, Sanskrit is considered obviously necessary by many teachers. It would improve the general understanding (of Ayurveda) of students at the U.G. and P.G. level and would ultimately lead to the establishment of Ayurveda as a sound, safe, and the economic healthcare system. The sample size was small & a restricted geographical area was covered; however, the findings point towards the necessity of the Sanskrit subject in Ayurveda studies.

Hypothyroidism is defined as the failure of the Thyroid Gland to produce sufficient Thyroid hormone to meet the metabolic demands of the body. Untreated Hypothyroidism can contribute to Hypertension, Dyslipidemia, Infertility, Cognitive impairment, and neuromuscular dysfunction. Data derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) suggest that about one in 300 persons in the United States has Hypothyroidism there is a 4 – 5 % prevalence of Hypothyroidism in the developed world. The prevalence of Hypothyroidism in urban India is 10.95 %. A major portion of Hypothyroidism (approximately 3.47 %) remains undetected.
Various treatment protocols are applied in this disease with partial success. In a present clinical study, 30 patients with clinically proven Hypothyroidism were treated with Kanchanar Gutikato evaluate its efficacy. The Ingredients Of Kanchanar Gutika are Bhibhitak (Terminalia Bellerica), Haritaki (Terminalia Chebula ) ,Amalaki (Emblica Officinalis ), Kanchanara (Bauhinia Variegate ) , Maricha (Piper Nigrum) , Shunthi ( Zinziber Officinalis) , Pippali (Piper Longum)  , Guggul (Commiphora Mukul ) etc.
Ayurvediya nidanadi parameters and modern symptoms of Hypothyroidism were used as subjective parameters & investigation was used as objective parameters to assess the efficacy of the drug. Analysis was done and results were calculated statistically using the paired‘t’ test. Results obtained are encouraging and indicate the efficacy of Kanchanar Gutika in the management of Hypothyroidism, exploring many aspects of this clinical entity.

The aim of the study was to compare clinically and radiographically the pulpotomies are done using form cresol (FC), calcium hydroxide (CH), and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Nineteen children in the age group of 3 – 6 years with a total of 39 teeth requiring pulpotomy were selected. Thirty-nine teeth were divided into 13 in each group and randomly treated with 1 of the 3 pulpotomy agents. The children were called for a follow-up at 3, 6, and 9 months. The follow-up evaluation resulted in 92.31% success for FC, 61.53% for CH and 100% success for MTA at the end of 9 months. Statistics revealed no significance in the success rate between formocresol and MTA while the difference in the success rate between calcium hydroxide and MTA was statistically significant. Discoloration of the crown was observed in teeth treated with MTA though there were no clinical and radiographic signs and symptoms.

Pramehahas been described in most of the available classics of Ayurved. According to Ayurved, Pramehais a disease that affects several systems; it depends on genetic and environmental factors and leads to complications if not controlled in the appropriate way.Acharya Sushrutahas described two types of Prameha, i.e. Sahaja and Apathyanimittaja.
 While describing the line of treatment Acharya Charakhas classified the Pramehain two types especially on the basis of body constitution and causative factors i.e. Sthula Pramehi(seen in obese person) and Krisha  Pramehi (seen in lean and thin person) and Santarpanjanya & Aptarpanjanya Prameha. Sthula pramehiis a type of santarpanajanyavyadhi (disease due to overnutrition) that has been included in the classification of prameha roga.   Two varieties of diabetics (pramehi) as classified in Ayurveda comprise, obese - strong (sthula and balavan) and thin-weak (Krishna).

Aim & Objectives: - To see the effect of Rajadrimodaka in Nutritional Iron Deficiency Anemia & to evaluate the Hb levels in subjects with Rajadrimodak.
Materials & Methods: - Total of 40 subjects had been selected according to inclusion/exclusion criteria. Then these subjects were divided into 2 groups. One group had givenRajadrimodaka 30gm with Iron Folic Tablets for 60 days another group received only Iron Folic Tablets for 60days. All the subjective and objective parameters were estimated before and completion of the study i.e after 60 days.
Result: - In Group A (Trial group) significant change was seen in objective and subjective parameters & in Group B (control group) also significant changes were seen. But between the 2-group comparisons, the changes are not significant.

Venous ulcers are open sores in the skin that occur with sustained venous hypertension and malfunctioning of venous valves, usually of the lower limbs. Ulcers develop in areas where blood collects and pools, as swelling there interferes with the movement of oxygen and nutrients through the tissues. Eventually, a visible ulcer develops on the skin. It is one of the most serious chronic venous insufficiency complications, accounting for 80% of lower extremity ulcerations. If it is left untreated, venous ulcers can quickly become infected, leading to cellulitis or gangrene and the risk of foot or leg amputation.
Conservative management for varicose ulcers includes compression therapies, foot elevation, oral antibiotics, regular dressing of the wound. Surgery may be performed for chronic venous insufficiency that fails to respond to other therapies, or for non-healing or infected venous ulcers. surgical management includes ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy, ELVA (Endo Venous Laser Ablation), RFA (Radio Frequency Ablation), Saphenofemoral ligation, and long saphenous vein stripping, skin grafting, etc. However, recurrence of venous ulcers is common, ranging from 60 to 70% of patients.
As per the Ayurveda perspective, varicose ulcers can be correlated with “Sira jayna dusta vrana”. In Sushrut Samhita, where we get the description of various wounds and its management, so these kinds of the wound can be managed with the specific Ayurvedic adjuvent therapies.
A 55-years old male patient having chief complaints of non-healing ulcer on the left ankle with pain and swelling in the left lower limb, was clinically diagnosed as a case of Varicose ulcer. The patient was treated with a specific regimen such as Jatyadi taila for local application once daily and Sarivadi ghanvati 250mg 2BD orally. The parameter observed for prognosis were pain, size of the ulcer, edema, hyperpigmentation, and granulation tissue was assessed during the treatment. Therapeutic evaluation of treatment was done based on improvement in the symptoms.
The observations showed remarkable improvement in terms of pain, size of the ulcer, edema, hyperpigmentation, and granulation tissue. This Observational case study revealed that jatyadi tail (local application daily for 8weeks) along with sarivadi ghana vati (internally) provided significant relief in symptoms of a varicose ulcer.

Today’s lifestyle is devoid of any discipline leading to many health issues like heart disease, obesity, diabetes, etc. Invariably the common finding in these diseases is elevated lipid profile leading to exclusion of unctuous food from the diet. Ayurveda states Ghruta as an important part of the meal. It also describes various benefits of consuming Ghruta in different Prakruti. Hence there is a need to assess the effect of Ghee in Prakruti as given in Compendia and to decide its dose as per Prakruti in the future to establish the precedence of snigdhatva (unctuousness) in food as stated in Ayurved physiology which is being given humongous importance in Ayurveda for achieving longevity and health. The study was aimed to assess the nutriment effect of goghruta in Doshaja prakruti. Methodology- After assessment of prakruti, standardized Goghruta was given to individuals in Hrasiyasi Matra (minimum quantity) i.e.30 ml Sabhukta (with meal) for a period of 30 days on a daily basis.Assessment of textual concepts regarding benefits of Goghruta was done on the basis of a questionnaire and data was analyzed by chi-square test.  Observation- The study showed an increase in hunger, thirst, stamina, glow in complexion, sound sleep, easier bowel motion, especially in vata-pitta and pitta vata prakruti because of ruksha (dry) and sasneha (slightly unctuous) quality of pitta as ghruta can be easily assimilated in these persons whereas kapha dominant persons already have unctuous quality in them so comparatively fewer effects are seen in them. Conclusion- Benefits of Goghruta as given in ayurvedic texts have been validated by this study. Goghruta can be consumed safely by everyone in Hrasiyasi Matra i.e. 30 ml per day. The amount of snighdatva should be decided on the basis of the constitution as Vata dominant constitution and Pitta dominant constitution can have it in moderate quantity while Kapha dominant constitution should have it in less quantity. The study concluded that Goghruta is indeed an important element in food.

Background-Ayurveda’s main aim is to prevent diseases. For a healthy lifestyle, Ayurveda stresses a lot on having sneha (unctuous food), especially Goghruta. Today’s lifestyle is devoid of any discipline leading to many health issues like heart disease, obesity, diabetes, etc. Invariably the common finding in these diseases is elevated lipid profile leading to exclusion of unctuous food from the diet. Still, the count of people suffering from these diseases is increasing day by day. Ayurvedastates ghee is an important nutrient for all. It also describes various benefits of consuming ghruta in different prakruti. So, there is a need to understand the relation of prakruti with respect to the metabolism of lipids and to establish the precedence of snigdhatva (unctuousness) in food as stated in Ayurved physiology for achieving longevity and health. The evaluation of efficacy of goghruta on lipid levels in dwandvaj prakruti was the primary objective of the study. The methodology The study has been conducted on individuals with normal lipid profiles for a period of 45 days. The participants were divided into six groups according to Prakruti and were evaluated for all 5 parameters (serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, serum HDL, serum LDL, serum VLDL) of lipid profile prior to and after Goghruta consumption with a meal for a period of 30 days on a daily basis. Lipid profile was studied on day 15, day 30, and without giving Goghruta at day 45. Observation and result-It have been observed that daily intake of 30 ml of Goghruta increases serum HDL level only in subjects of Vata Kapha Prakruti. Vata Prakruti persons may have the physiology of absorption of good cholesterol into the body due to Ruksha (dry) property. Thus, a relation between Goghruta and healthy cholesterol is established. Goghruta does not increase the levels of serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, serum LDL, serum VLDL. It is irrespective of Prakruti. The conclusion-The study concluded that Sneha is indeed an important element in the food. Goghruta up to 30ml can be consumed by the persons of all Prakruti on daily basis.

Tuberculosis is a global health crisis; it is estimated that 25% of the world’s TB cases are found in India. DOTS strategy was launched in 1994 and became the global recommendation for TB control. Ayurveda, an ancient health science may offer some solution, several studies conducted in Ayurvedic colleges and hospitals in the management of the disease. This is the systemic review of such studies to assess the role of Ayurvedic medicine in the management of Rajayakshma (Pulmonary Tuberculosis).
Aims and objectives- Role of Ayurvedic medicine in the management of Rajayakshma (Pulmonary Tuberculosis). To study all the published articles in reputed journals related to Rajayakshma and its management.
Methodology- Systemic review was carried out using published articles. Keywords used in article search- Rajayakshma, Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Yakshma. Ayurveda.
Results & Discussions- A total of 9 articles were selected which were fulfilling our inclusion criteria for the study, studies were conducted using both single and compound drugs, it has been observed that Ayurvedic medicine can show efficiency in relieving Rajayakshma symptoms. Studies suggest that patients treated with Ayurvedic medicine along with Anti-Tuberculor Drugs (ATD), show more improvement in relieving symptoms compared to patients treated with only ATD.
Conclusion- Research on the role of Ayurvedic medicine in the management of Rajayakshma is limited to only adjunct and supportive therapy, there is a need to conduct more clinical trials using the principle of Ayurveda in the management of Rajayakshma.

Present generation is more likely to consume junk foods-cold drinks, unhealthy travelling habits, working late nights, working with computers in A.C rooms, using more cosmetics and its local toxic effect on skin. Increased incidence of skin conditions like Vicharchika (Eczema) and contact dermatitis after using newer cosmetics suggest that this may be due to local toxic effects on skin. Ayurveda describes this phenomenon as Dooshivisha. Vicharchika (Eczema) is an inflammatory response of the skin characterized by Kandu (Itching), Shyavata (Discoloration of Skin), Pidaka (Vesiculation), Strava (Oozing). Rakta Pachaka Yoga contains ingredients like Patola,Sariva, Musta, Patha, Kutaki. This study is conducted to observe the efficacy of this Rakta Pachaka yoga for treating Dooshivishjanya Vicharchika.

The determination of sex plays a significant role in forensic medicine, especially in mass disasters. The skeleton bones are used most commonly as they are resistant to putrefaction and other factors. The most commonly used skeleton bones are Pelvis and skull bones. As the pelvis is more fragile compared to the skull, the fact that skull bone exhibits the highest sexual dimorphism, the usage of skull bone in sex determination has increased. A lateral cephalogram is ideal for the skull examination as it gives details of various anatomical points in a single radiograph, easily accessible and reproducible.

Corporate governance is about commitment to values and about ethical business conduct. It is about how an organization is managed. This includes its corporate and other structures, its culture, policies and the manner in which it deals with various stakeholders. Accordingly, timely and accurate disclosure of information regarding the financial performance, ownership and governance of the company is an important part of corporate governance. This study is mainly focus on measuring the corporate governance practices adopted by selected Indian companies on various parameters and also to study the implication of governance on the financial performance.

Hypertension has been recognized as a common cardiovascular disease & a major risk factor
for congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, chronic renal failure & stroke. The aim of
the study is to observe the impact of clinical pharmacy activities on contemporary prescription
pattern of antihypertensive drugs and its compelling indications in atertiary care teaching
hospital.This prospective, study was conductedby reviewing and collecting the data of patients
who were diagnosed with Hypertension and admitted in the hospital. Patient demographic
details such as name, age, sex was collected.In present study we found 387 drug drug
interactions in prescriptions of 450 hypertension patients. However there is a need for improve
patient education on adherence to therapy and greater attention by clinicians to issues of life
style modifications, so as to improve BP control rate in this hospital.

Botanical pesticides are used in a variety of pest control situations. Their less-toxic nature
makes them a suitable candidate for IPM. They possess dose-dependentanti-insect
activities starting from repellency and leading to the death of insects. Their large-scale
utilization is obstructed by the non-availability of formulations. A potential botanical
Thevetia peruviana (Pers).K.schum,whose influence on various physiological systems of
Spodoptera litura was studied.Acetone fraction of hexane extract, acetone fraction of
methanol extract, and acetone fraction of ethyl acetate extract were found to possess
insecticidal activity. Among them,acetone fraction of hexane extract was the most
promising extract with LC50 of 5 percent. At LC50, the carbohydrate, protein, and lipid
contents were reduced to the tune of 80, 63, and 73 percent.

Botanical pesticides are used in a variety of pest control situations. Their less-toxic
nature makes them a suitable candidate for IPM. They possess dose-dependentanti-insect
activities starting from repellency and leading to the death of insects. Their large-scale
utilization is obstructed by the non-availability of formulations. A potential botanical
Thevetia peruviana (Pers).K.schum,whose influence on various physiological systems of
Spodoptera litura was studied.Acetone fraction of hexane extract, acetone fraction of
methanol extract, and acetone fraction of ethyl acetate extract were found to possess
insecticidal activity. Among them,acetone fraction of hexane extract was the most
promising extract with LC50 of 5 percent. At LC50, the carbohydrate, protein, and lipid
contents were reduced to the tune of 80, 63, and 73 percent.

The aimofthisresearch work wasto prepare and characterize different crystal forms of Febuxostat which is Xanthine oxidase inhibitor, used as an Antigout agent, Febuxostat recrystallized by Ultrasonication from mixture of various batches of acetone-water, ethanol-water, methanol-water and the resultant mixture were stored for 7 days at room temperature. The crystals obtained from above method were characterized by FT-IR, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Powder Diffractometry to investigate changes in physical properties of drug. X-ray Powder Diffractometry study reveals decrease in % Crystallinity which indicates amorphous nature. Scanning electron microscopy shows needle shaped morphology with methanol- water and acetone- water batches and irregular rod shaped morphology with ethanolwater batch, while Differential scanning colorimetry shows shift in Endothermic peak to quite lower temperature which indicatessharp decrease in melting point for batches E2, E5 and E10.FTIR reveals arrangement of functional group which shows characteristic changes in frequencies for different batches of mixture of acetone-water, ethanol-water, and methanol-water.

Blood transfusion services are the most important part of modern health care system and
maintaining the adequate supply of safe blood is an ever challenging job for blood banks. The
most important is the selection of blood donors by donor selection criteria. Blood donor
deferral is a very painful and sad experience, but retaining them for future is a very
challenging job. Hence we studied the current rate and various reasons and demographic
pattern for donor deferral in this blood bank. Study of deferral of blood donor at collection
site and donor blood deferral in blood bank will be worthwhile and enlightening. It will help
in taking corrective measures and improving strategies for donor motivation.

Background and objectives:Emergency surgeries have been found to be associated with high
rates of surgical site infections compared to elective surgeries. This study was conducted to
determine serum albumin as predictor of SSI in emergency laparotomy as to throw light on
how to minimize SSI. This study was intended to find the association between preoperative
albumin and SSI, length of hospital stay and death in emergency laparotomy
Methodology: A prospective cohort study was conducted between April 2018 and October
2018. Among 94 patients who underwent emergency laparotomy in Department of General
Surgery. Each patient will be monitored from time of admission until the time of discharge
and followed postoperatively 30 days for surgical site infection. The predictor variable is preop
serum albumin. The outcome variables are surgical site infection, length of hospital stay
and death .The analysis was done to find association between this variable.
Results: During follow up of 94 patients, 29(30.8%) developed SSI and 7(8.5%) patients
died. The patients with serum albumin 3.5g/dl(8.7%). The patients with low albumin had
increased length of stay in hospital than those with high values. Patients with albumin 3.5g/dl
had 2.2% death. Serum albumin emerged significant to SSI after multivariate analysis. Serum
albumin had not emerged as significant to length of stay and death. Serum albumin is a good
predictor of SSI in emergency laparotomy and patients with serum albumin of < 174mg/dl
has a high risk of developing surgical site infection with sensitivity of 87.6% and the
specificity of 68.9%.
Conclusion: In this study, low albumin is associated with increased risk of SSI. Association
of serum albumin with length of stay and death could not be made. Serum albumin is a better
predictor of SSI.

Background and Objectives:Emergency surgeries have been found to be associated with
high rates of surgical site infections compared to elective surgeries. This study was conducted
to determine cholesterol as predictor of SSI in emergency laparotomy as to throw light on
how to minimize SSI. This study was intended to find the association between cholesterol
levels and SSI, length of hospital stay and death in emergency laparotomy.
Methodology: A prospective cohort study was conducted between April 2018 and October
2018 among 94 patients who underwent emergency laparotomy in Department of General
Surgery. Each patient will be monitored from time of admission until the time of discharge
and followed postoperatively 30 days for surgical site infection. The predictor variable is the
cholesterol. The outcome variables are surgical site infection, length of hospital stay and
death.The analysis was done to find association between this variable.
Results: During follow up of 94 patients, 29(30.8%) developed SSI and 7(8.5%) patients
died. Patients with cholesterol level 200mg/dl had 14.3% SSI. The patients with cholesterol
had increased length of stay in hospital than those with high values. The statistically
significant association between pre-op cholesterol and Death could not be made. Cholesterol
emerged significant to SSI after multivariate analysis. Cholesterol had not emerged as
significant to length of stay and death.
Conclusion: In this study, cholesterol is associated with increased risk of SSI. Association of
cholesterol with length of stay and death could not be made. Cholesterol concentration is a
better predictor of SSI.

To compare microhardness and wear resistance of ceramic-polymer composites with micro and nanohybrid structures. The investigations employed commercial composites with nano-sized (Filtek Ultimate) and micro-sized (Filtek Z250) filler particles. A ball-on-disc micro-tribometer was used for testing.Microhardness was measured using the Vickers technique and the Futertech FM 700 equipment. Filtek Ultimate has been almost doubling the wear resistance of Filtek Z250 composite. The inclusion of filler nanoparticles enhanced the material's wear resistance. Also, there is no association between material microhardness and wear resistance.

Background: Medicine is universally known as a practically oriented subject. This study puts in an effort to find the student’s and faculty’s perceptions of online learning. This is a very important study because we know the MBBS course is very much practically oriented and what impact does the online classes will be able to put is the question.
Aims and Objectives: To study the student’s and faculty’s perceptions of online learning.
Materials and Methods: This study was done in Kanachur Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalore. The study was done from May 2017 to Nov 2018. A set of validated questionnaire was given to the students and teachers. 120 students MBBS phase 1 students were requested to participate in this study after taking written consent. All staff who were involved in the teaching of these students (n=30) were also asked to fill in a questionnaire to understand their perceptions.
Results: There is a significant difference between the teachers and the student’s perception scores.
Conclusion: The results of the present study show that online teaching can effectively supplement regular offline teaching

The Library Management System was developed to monitor the arrival and departure of books from the library as well as student information. While new students are tracked using the Student Entry form, new books are tracked using the Books Entry form. If a student requests a book and it is available, the book is provided to the student. The book's issuance and due date are likewise placed into the Book Issue form under the third option, Book Issue. Depending on how many days the book was not returned to the library, the student may be required to pay a charge. The automation of the library system is the primary goal of this project. The current task is to fully automate the application. To make book issues easier to manage, it is recorded in the database together with stack information. Additionally, it may return books, add new titles, and do availability-based searches for books. The books may be separated into categories to make discovering them simpler. We may also find out how many books are available in the library. The database has the ability to store user data.
 

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are subdivided into ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Several lines of evidence suggest that CD and UC are different diseases. However, some patients (10–12%) cannot be easily classified into either and a final diagnosis of indeterminate colitis is made. Making an earlier, more accurate diagnosis of IBD is important as the management of CD and UC is different, especially when surgery is planned. A search for serological tests to differentiate CD from UC has been underway for a long time. An ideal serological marker should have high sensitivity, high specificity, and high predictive values.
In this study we want to assess the usefulness of serological markers as a diagnostic test and correlation with other parameters in the natural history of ulcerative colitis and there are already lots of studies available regarding this in western literature but lacking in south India especially using panel of markers.

Background: The annual incidence of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) in population-based studies is 1.0 to 4.1% and prevalence of 4.5 to 10%, with an overall lifetime incidence of up to 25%. Surgical management (such as dressing, offloading, debridement, and the necessary surgeries) play an important role in controlling/healing DFU.Present study was aimed to study surgical management of diabetic foot at our tertiary hospital.

The characteristic bulge in the groin which disappears at times and then recurs may not be present at the time of examination, however, and the surgeon may be compelled to rely on the description given by a competent observer. The most important aspect of the management of neonatal inguinoscrotal swellings relate to its risk of incarceration, strangulation which include gangrene of bowel, testis and ovaries. A prompt early and appropriate treatment is necessary to avoid various complications.

Background: It is estimated that 30% of patients with diabetes mellitus will experience a skin problem at some stage throughout the course of their disease. Several skin disorders are more common in diabetic patients, particularly those due to infection such as candida and impetigo. Patients with type 2 diabetes also have twice the risk of developing the common scaly disease, psoriasis, as non-diabetics. This study is a sincere effort to study the skin lesions in Diabetes Mellitus.
Aims and Objectives: To study the skin lesions in Diabetes Mellitus.
Methods: Three hundred seventy seven patients were included for the study.
Results: A surprising 54.64 percent of the patients complained of some skin manifestations and the fungal infections were seen in majority of the cases.
Conclusion: Skin lesions in diabetics are fairly common and utmost care has to be taken to immediately identify and treat accordingly.

Thyroid lesions are one of the common conditions encountered in clinical practice. The diseases of thyroid are of great importance because most of them are amenable to medical or surgical treatment. Often it is difficult to make an accurate diagnosis by clinical evaluation alone. Hence Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) study of such lesions along with clinical evaluation is emphasized in order to aid towards accurate diagnosis. A uniform reporting system for thyroid FNA will facilitate effective communication among cytopathologists, endocrinologists, surgeons, radiologists, and other health care providers. Also, it will facilitate cytologic-histologic correlation for thyroid diseases, facilitate research into the epidemiology, molecular biology, pathology and diagnosis of thyroid diseases, particularly neoplasia and allow easy and reliable sharing of data from different laboratories for national and international collaborative studies. The present study aims at diagnosing various thyroid diseases based upon cytomorphological features in FNAC.

Background: To assess clinical and radiological association of carcinoma larynx and hypopharynx.

Background:The primary surgical treatment for breast carcinoma is modified radical mastectomy, particularly in cases of locally advanced breast carcinoma. Seroma development is the most prevalent complication that arises after a modified radical mastectomy. Seroma formation also increases wound infection, the requirement for frequent aspiration, the need for a longer hospital stay, and higher morbidity. Pectoral flap fixation is a beneficial procedure that can be used in conjunction with a modified radical mastectomy. Flap fixation results in the obliteration of superfluous dead space, which reduces the frequency of seroma formation, as well as a decrease in the volume of drain fluid, which results in early drain removal, lowering morbidity and encouraging early mobilization. After meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the participants were submitted to flap fixation in this study. The postoperative incidence of seroma, the day of drain removal, and the volume and kind of drain were all evaluated on a regular basis. Patients were checked on a regular basis for SSI and flap fixation problems such as flap necrosis. Thus, the goal is to investigate the impact of flap fixation in reducing seroma formation and drain fluid volume, resulting in early postoperative recovery.

Aim: An analysis and comparison of the many testing procedures used in the laboratory to identify methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. Materials and Methods: The research looked at a total of one hundred different Staphylococcus aureus strains. The strains were validated by slide and tube coagulase tests that were conducted with the conventional approach. The oxacillin screen agar was prepared using the direct colony suspension technique, and the turbidity was matched with 0.5 McFarland standards. On Mueller-Hinton agar that contained 5% NaCl and was supplemented with 6 g/ml of oxacillin, the suspension was inoculated. The plates were then kept in an incubator for 24 hours at 37 degrees Celsius. It was determined that any growth that occurred on the plate that contained oxacillin was resistant to methicillin. Results: For the purpose of this investigation, one hundred different strains of Staphylococcus aureus were used. Oxacillin screen agar, cefoxitin disc diffusion, and oxacillin disc diffusion are the three standard procedures that were carried out. In addition to that, MIC determination was carried out. After that, the MIC determination was contrasted with the traditional testing techniques. It was possible to determine both their sensitivity and specificity. The MIC determination was used as the benchmark for quality control. It was possible to compute the total number of organisms that had MIC at each of the varied antibiotic concentrations. It was discovered that 6 species, or 6% of the total, had a MIC of 64 g/ml. However, the highest number of organisms that demonstrated a MIC of 32 g/ml was 37 (37%). The number of organisms that had MIC values of less than or equal to 0.5, 1,2,4,8, and 16 ranged from 9 (9%), to 2 (2%), to 15 (15%), to 9 (9%), to 10 (10%), and to 12 (12%), respectively. It was discovered that about 15 out of 26 MSSA strains, or 57.69 percent, displayed a higher range MIC of 2. Conclusion: It was discovered that all three methods were similarly sensitive and specific. We do, however, suggest that any two of these procedures be used in conjunction with one another in order to get the desired level of precision.

Dengue is a viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. The primary vectors that transmit the disease are Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and, to a lesser extent, Ae. albopictus. The virus responsible for causing dengue, is called dengue virus (DENV). There are four DENV serotypes and it is possible to be infected four times. Severe dengue is a leading cause of serious illness and death in some Asian and Latin American countries. It requires management by medical professionals.