European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

The number of biosimilar medicines on the market is steadily increasing, due, in part, to patent expiration of several top-selling biologic medicines. These three e-learning modules discuss the basic concepts behind biosimilar medicines and highlight key regulatory considerations when using biosimilar medicines in medical practice.

In the quest for novel neurotechnologies to defeat brain diseases, intelligent biohybrid systems have earned a privileged role among unconventional brain repair strategies. These systems are based on the functional interaction between the nervous tissue and engineered devices, the establishment of which is mediated by artificial intelligence. As novel, previously unimaginable neurotechnologies are emerging, what are the translational impact and the practical consequences carried by these tools for the clinical practice? In this review, we describe the progression of brain repair strategies, from the early pioneering demonstration of their feasibility to their recent implementation in the experimental and clinical settings. We will show how the convergence of different disciplines across the decades has led to the emergence of innovative concepts based on intelligent biohybrid designs. We discuss the advantages and limitations of the described approaches and we conclude by proposing possible solutions to the current shortcomings of

We have investigated the relationship of thyroid cancer (TC) and anthropometric factors in Pakistani population as this association remains to be controversial. Methods: A total of 172 TC patients admitted at Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH) from 2000 to 2014 were included. Patient’s demographics, tumor subtypes, body weight, height, body mass index (BMI), body surface area (BSA) and body fat percentage (BF%) were calculated. Results and discussion: Out of 221 patients, 172 patients were included in this study. Mean age was 43 years715.40. Among all subtypes of TC, papillary remains the most common (72.1%), followed by medullary (10.5%), follicular (7.6%) and others (9.9%). Excess BMI 423 kg/m2 , BF%, BSA, weight and height were significantly associated with TC incidence in overall population (pvalueo0.01*). In women, BF% was found to be in obese range (mean¼35.07%77.6, p-valuer0.01*). In men, height 4160 cm and weight 460 kg were positively associated with TC. No significant relation was seen between gender and BMI