Abstract

Fractures of the radius and/or ulna occur frequently. Important forearm fracture patterns include complete forearm fractures, Galeazzi fractures, and Monteggia fractures. A fracture of the ulna (usually the proximal third) with concomitant dislocation of the radial head. Typically caused by either a fall on an outstretched and pronated forearm or a direct, forceful blow to the forearm. Fractures of the forearm bones at the elbow level include radial head fractures, while those at the wrist level include distal radius fractures. The mechanism of injury can be low-energy, such as a fall on an outstretched hand, or high-energy, such as a motor vehicle collision (MVC). Clinical presentation is typically characterized by pain near the fracture site, gross deformity, and swelling. X-ray is the main diagnostic modality. Evaluation includes imaging of the forearm; wrist and elbow imaging are added for moderate to severe injuries. Management varies depending on the age group and fracture characteristics, and includes a thorough neurovascular assessment, acute immobilization, pain management, and referral to orthopedics for definitive open reduction and internal fixation or closed reduction and casting