ANKLE FRACTURES: A REVIEW OF CLASSIFICATION, MANAGEMENT, AND PROGNOSIS

Abstract: Ankle fracture-dislocations are complex injuries that pose significant challenges due to their association with severe functional impairments. Representing 9% of all fractures, these injuries predominantly affect young individuals experiencing high-energy trauma and elderly patients with conditions such as diabetes and osteoporosis. Younger patients are at risk of post-traumatic osteoarthritis and functional limitations, whereas older individuals often face complications such as wound infections, fixation failure, and, in severe cases, amputation. Classification systems provide a framework for categorizing fractures based on the mechanism of injury, guiding treatment decisions. Precise anatomical reduction of the talus within the ankle mortise and fibular length restoration are critical for maintaining joint congruity and preventing long-term complications. Management strategies vary by fracture type. Posterior malleolus fractures typically benefit from surgical fixation, improving stability and reducing syndesmosis fixation requirements, while stable fractures are often managed conservatively. This review highlights the need for individualized treatment approaches to optimize recovery and minimize complications. Continued research is essential to refine fixation techniques and enhance the prognosis for patients with these challenging injuries.