European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Background: Diabetes is an important metabolic disorder worldwide and is characterized by a variable degree of insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and increased glucose production. The present study was conducted to assess the correlation between HbA1cand microalbuminuria among diabetics.
Materials & Methods:
Results: Group I had 20 males and 20 females and group II had 18 males and 22 females. In group I and group II, mean HbA1c (%) was 7.9 and 5.2, fasting blood sugar (FBS) (mg/dL) was 174.2 and 86.2, postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) (mg/dL) was 258.6 and 124.8, blood urea (mg/dL) was 28.4 and 14.2, serum sodium (mEq/L) was 127.2 and 138.9, serum potassium (mEq/L) was 2.7 and 3.8, serum creatinine (mg/dL) was 1.5 and 0.84 and microalbuminuria (mg/L) was 43.6 and 10.6. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). There was positive correlation of microalbuminuria and duration of DM (r- 0.521, p- 0.03), microalbuminuria and FBS (r- 0.316, p-0.05), microalbuminuria and PPBS (r- 0.412, p- 0.02) and microalbuminuria and HbA1c (r- 0.833, p-0.01).
Conclusion: The prevalence of microalbuminuria in diabetic patientswas found to be high. There was a correlation between glycated hemoglobin and microalbuminuria among diabetics.

Background:Diabetes mellitus has been postulated to alter the morphology of the
cornea.Aim of our study was to compare the morphological characteristics of corneal
endothelial cellsin type 2 diabetic patients with age-matched healthy subjects. We also
determined the association of corneal morphological features with the general
characteristics and laboratory data of diabetic patients, including disease duration,
urine albumin creatinine ratio.
Methods:A case-control study in a tertiary care hospital of northwestern India with a
total of 50 diabetic patients and 50 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. All
participants underwent a complete ophthalmological examination. Corneal endothelial
measurements were performed using a noncontact specular microscopy. Laboratory
data including serum fasting glucose, --HbA1c levels, creatinine levels, and the urinary
albumin-to-creatinine ratio were recorded. Diabetic patients were further subdivided
into 3 groups according to the presence and stage of diabetic retinopathy. Specular
microscopy findings and central corneal thickness of all patients were compared.
Results: The ECD and hexagonal cell ratio were significantly lower, while the average
cell size, CV%, and central corneal thickness were determined to be significantly higher
in diabetic patients than in healthy controls (p = 0.001). With the presence and
advancement of diabetic retinopathy, the ECD and hexagonal cell ratio decreased, while
the average cell size, CV%, and central corneal thickness increased. When correlation
analysis was performed between corneal morphological features and laboratory data of
diabetic patients, ECD showed a significant negative correlation with diabetes duration
(p = 0.028). Urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (p = 0.041), average cell size and CV
showed a positive correlation with these parameters.
Conclusion: In conclusion, keratopathy is an important complication of type 2 diabetes.
With an increase in the stage of diabetic retinopathy, alterations in corneal findings also
increased. In that respect, we can suggest that keratopathy should be evaluated more
cautiously in diabetic patients.

Background:Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is defined as kidney disease attributed
to diabetes. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common micro vascular complication
of diabetes .DN develops in 15-20% of subjects with T1DM and in similar or higher
percentage of T2DM patients, causing increased morbidity and premature
mortality. American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends screening for
nephropathy 5 years after diagnosis for type 1 diabetes and at diagnosis for type 2
diabetes.Aim: To estimate the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy in children and
adolescent diagnosed with diabetes Method: A case control study was carried on
one hundred and fifty of children went to pediatrics clinics of zagazig university
hospital. They were classified in to 75 diabetic children who were type 1DM for
more than 4 years and their age less than 18 years old and 75 non diabetic children
of the same gender and age. Both groups under go full history, clinical and
laboratory investigations during the period from December 2018 to November 2019.
Result: frequency of persistent microalbuminuria and hypertension among diabetic
patients were 293 per 1000 and 160 per 1000patient respectively.Conclusion: Type1
diabetic children and adolescent are liable for the occurrence of early diabetic
nephropathy so intensive diabetes therapy is needed, regular screening for MA and
measurement and interpretation of BP and GFR

It is well known that one of the leading causes of death among the population is cardiovascular disease, and they are often complicated by CHF.
In European countries, the prevalence of CHF is 2.1%, with 90% of women over the age of 70 and 75% of men. In the United States, these numbers range from 1–1.5% and occur in 10% of the population over the age of 60.
According to a number of leading researchers around the world, the inclusion of concomitant diseases in CHF not only worsens its overall outcome, increases the number and duration of hospital treatments , but in some cases is also the leading cause of death. Some authors compare the dynamics of deaths observed in CHF with deaths due to oncological diseases.

The study of various aspects of the problem of common hypomicroelementosis caused by a deficiency of essential trace elements copper and zinc, in particular among women of fertile age, in the population is extremely relevant and important, taking into account the social significance and importance of this population for society , because of what the condition will be health in a given population depends on the state of such important socially significant processes as the healthy development of future generations