European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Exploring the root canal is an important step in the treatment process because it is the first time the dentist or doctor sees the anatomy of the canal.
“Endodontic glide path means that there is a smooth path from the opening of the canal to the tip of the root” (West J., 2010). “Glide path preparation is the first step in chemo-mechanical preparation. It is a crucial step for figuring out the root canal anatomy and making sure the entrance into the apical part of the canal is smooth. The glide path can be made by hand or with nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary files with a small tip diameter and taper” (Peter OA, Peter Cl., 2010).   
Due to their tiny diameter, lack of rigidity, and presence of calcifications and other aberrations in the canal, small canals are difficult to navigate. These files frequently buckle or develop plastic deformation when subjected to vertical stresses

Background: The present study was conducted for assessing radiographic evaluation of the proximal femoral anatomy.
Materials & methods: A total of 40 males and 40 female subjects were enrolled. Antero-posterior and axial radiographs were evaluated in all the patients. Radiological measurements of proximal femoral geometric parameters were done. Following proximal femoral geometric parameters were assessed: Femoral head diameter (FHD), Femoral neck length (FNL), Neck-shaft angle (FNSA) and Femoral neck anteversion (FNA). All the values obtained were recorded and compared among males and females. All the results were recorded and analysed using SPSS software.
Results: Non-significant results were obtained while comparing the femoral neck variables among males and females. However; femoral head diameter was significantly among males in comparison to females.
Conclusion: There exits high diversity in the morphology of the femur on the geographic regions of the same population. Our results will improve understanding of femur morphology and might help to choose implant in correspondence with the anatomy of the hip.

Background: Anatomy forms the core of the Medical Subjects. It is said that Anatomy forms the heart of every subject in Medical Education. It’s mandatory for the first year MBBS to study Human Anatomy. Anatomy of the eye is also dealt as a part of curriculum. Students who take fifty percent are eligible to pass on to second year where they are taught other three para-medical sciences subject and if they clear this they will land in phase-III when the Ophthalmology will be taught to them. But how much Anatomy of the eye do they actually remember is the question that we face. So this study puts in a sincere effort to find the answers and also discusses of possibilities of measures that can be taken to ensure good education.
Aims and Objectives: To study and understand the orientation of students towards anatomy of eye in 3rd year MBBS.
Materials and Methods: This study was done in the students who entered third MBBS. One hundred twenty students participated in the study. They were divided into two groups and the study was conducted.
Results: Anatomy knowledge of eye was not retained which reflected very poorly in the pre-test scores and it was found that teaching Ophthalmology was much better after the reinforcement class of Anatomy which reflected in the second scores.
Conclusion: Anatomy and other pre and para medical subjects have to be taught in tandem with clinical subjects or at least a revision is needed for effective understanding of the clinical subjects.

Sternocleidooccipitomastoid (SCOM) muscles of16 cadavers were dissected over a
period of eight years to study possible clinical significance. It was observed that fifteen
cadavers had the classical attachment and innervation as described in the standard
textbooks of anatomy. But SCOM in one male cadaver revealed bilateral anomalous
attachments. Both sides SCOM had supernumerary clavicular heads whereas the
sternal heads (LSH, RSH) had the usual attachments. On the right side there were three
clavicular heads (RCH1, RCH2, RCH3) out of which medial two heads (RCH1 &
RCH2) joined with RSH at the level of cricoid cartilage to get inserted on the mastoid
process extending up to the superior nuchal line. The RCH3 remained separate up to
the level of greater cornu of hyoid bone, where it gives a slip to the main belly before
inserting on the superior nuchal line, as two slips. On the left side also, there were three
clavicular heads (LCH1, LCH2, LCH3) which merged with LSH at the level of thyroid
prominence before attaching on the mastoid process and superior nuchal line. At the
level of greater cornu of hyoid bone, another supernumerary slip arising from deep
aspect of left main belly was noticed which inserted on the medial aspect of superior
nuchal line and external occipital protuberance. The left SCOM had an additional twig
from ansa cervicalis apart from accessory nerve whereas the right SCOM had the usual
nerve supply. During ablative and reconstructive surgeries of the face and oral cavity
surgeons should remember the variation in clavicular head and additional nerve supply
of SCOM.

Implant Surgeon Gary Greenstein,* † John Cavallaro,* ‡ and Dennis Tarnow* § A proficient knowledge of oral anatomy is needed to provide effective implant dentistry. This article addresses basic ana- tomic structures relevant to the dental implantologist. Pertinent muscles, blood supply, foramen, and nerve innervations that may be encountered during implant procedures are reviewed. Caution must be exercised when performing surgery in certain regions of the mouth. Furthermore, numerous suggestions are provided regarding the practical application of anatomy to facilitate successful implant therapy Review Practical Application of Anatomy for the Dental Implant Surgeon Gary Greenstein,* † John Cavallaro,* ‡ and Dennis Tarnow* § A proficient knowledge of oral anatomy is needed to provide effective implant dentistry. This article addresses basic ana- tomic structures relevant to the dental implantologist. Pertinent muscles, blood supply, foramen, and nerve innervations that may be encountered during implant procedures are reviewed. Caution must be exercised when performing surgery in certain regions of the mouth. Furthermore, numerous suggestions are provided regarding the practical application of anatomy to facilitate successful implant therapy Review 
Practical Application of Anatomy for the Dental Implant Surgeon Gary Greenstein,* † John Cavallaro,* ‡ and Dennis Tarnow* § A proficient knowledge of oral anatomy is needed to provide effective implant dentistry. This article addresses basic ana- tomic structures relevant to the dental implantologist. Pertinent muscles, blood supply, foramen, and nerve innervations that may be encountered during implant procedures are reviewed. Caution must be exercised when performing surgery in certain regions of the mouth. Furthermore, numerous suggestions are provided regarding the practical application of anatomy to facilitate successful implant therapy
A proficient knowledge of oral anatomy is needed to provide effective implant dentistry. This article addresses basic anatomic structures relevant to the dental implantologist. Pertinent muscles, blood supply, foramen, and nerve innervations that may be encountered during implant procedures are reviewed. Caution must be exercised when performing surgery in certain regions of the mouth. Furthermore, numerous suggestions are provided regarding the practical application of anatomy to facilitate successful implant therapy.

A scientific and historical excursion shows that anatomists played an important if not decisive role in the development and establishment of anthropology. Each case of the nomination of important anthropological statements by anatomists was dictated by their vast scientific and practical experience. There is no doubt that these cases themselves require a detailed analysis and can be the subject of a study of the history of medicine and anthropology in particular. Azerbaijani anatomists were also involved in anthropological research, starting from the very inception of the Department of Human Anatomy of the Azerbaijan Medical University, in other words, exactly 100 years ago. The real upsurge of these studies has begun in recent decades. Under the guidance of Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Honored Scientist of Azerbaijan, Professor V.B. Shadlinski, several dissertations on anthropological topics were successfully defended, the textbook «Anthropology with the Basics of Morphology» (in Azerbaijani) was published (authors: Honored Scientist Professor V.B. Shadlinski and Associate Professor A.S. Abdullayev; the chapter "Morphology" was written by the senior lecturer S.V. Shadlinskaya).