European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Background: TB and HIV form a lethal combination, as each fuels the progress of the other in the infected patients. This study assessed the haematological parameters of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients with and without HIV infection attending the shyam shah medical college, Rewa. Aims: To study hematological parameter namely Hb (Hemoglobin), total RBC count, Total WBC count, ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) and platelets in pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods: To analytical study of all 120 (TB with HIV 60 / TB without HIV 60)  TB patients who were attending Department of Medicine, Shyam Shah Medical College, Rewa (M.P.). And patientsrefered from Anti-retroviral therapy centre, with sputum positivity for AFB (acid fast bacillius).Results: In our study, 83.3% were males and 16.6 % were females in the TB with HIV group. 70% of patients were in the age group of 25 – 45 years in the TB with HIV group, whereas 86.6% of patients were in age group of 25 – 45 years in the TB without HIV. 90% of patients were underweight with BMI less than 18.5, in TB with HIV group, and 73.3% of patients were underweight in TB without HIV group. 80% were anemic in the TB with HIV and 66.6% were anemic in TB without HIV group. 63.4% of patients with TB and HIV had thrombocytopenia, whereas only 10% of patients had thrombocytopenia in TB without HIV group. patients with tuberculosis per se have increased ESR count, whereas TB-HIV coinfection has drastically reduced the ESR count. Among patients with TB and HIV 83.3% of patients had ESR less than 60 mm/hr., whereas 96.6% of TB without HIV patients had ESR greater than 60 mm/hr. since, ESR is a marker of chronic inflammatory states like TB and HIV is a immunosuppressive state, the co-infection of TB with HIV has drastically reduced ESR values in these patients.Conclusion:ESR values are drastically reduced in TB patients with HIV, rather TB patients per se. hence, an ESR less than 60 mm / hr in pulmonary tuberculosis patients should arouse a suspicion of underlying immunocompromised state.

INTRODUCTION:The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is grouped to the genus Lentivirus within the family of Retroviridae, subfamily Orthoretrovirinae .On the basis of genetic characteristics and differences in the viral antigens, HIV is classified into the types 1 and 2 (HIV-1, HIV-2) . Before 1996, few antiretroviral treatment options for HIV-1 infection existed. The clinical management of HIV-1 largely consisted of prophylaxis against common opportunistic pathogens and managing AIDS-related illnesses. AIM : To assess the knowledge and awareness of antiretroviral drugs in HIV patients among dental students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross sectional questionnaire was designed and distributed to 100 dental students. Questionnaire includes email address, questions aboutART, objectives of ART, group of antiretroviral drugs and newer drug for treating HIV infection. Data was collected, statistically analysed and results were obtained. RESULTS: Among the study population, majority (90%) aware of antiretroviral therapy (ART) whereas 9% of the study population not sure about antiretroviral therapy and 1% of the study population not aware of antiretroviral therapy. CONCLUSION: The findings observed in our study showed that awareness and knowledge of antiretroviral drugs for HIV patients among dental students were high. But, dental students were not aware of recent drug approved for adult patient living with HIV who tried multiple medications and whose HIV infection cannot be successfully treated.

INTRODUCTION: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is grouped to the genus Lentivirus within the family of Retroviridae, subfamily Orthoretrovirinae .On the basis of genetic characteristics and differences in the viral antigens, HIV is classified into the types 1 and 2 (HIV-1, HIV-2). The HIV genome consists of two identical single-stranded RNA molecules that are enclosed within the core of the virus particle. The genome of the HIV provirus also known as proviral DNA, is generated by the reverse transcription of the viral RNA genome into DNA, degradation of the RNA and integration of the double-stranded HIV DNA into the human genome. AIM : To assess the knowledge of structural biology of HIV among dental students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross sectional questionnaire was designed and distributed to 100 dental students. Questionnaire includes email address,questions aboutstructure of HIV, genes and enzyme associated with HIV. Data was collected, statistically analysed and results were obtained. RESULTS: Among the study population, majority (82%) aware that HIV belongs to genus Lentivirus whereas 18% of the study population told that HIV belongs to genus retrovirus. Among the study population, majority (80%) aware that HIV genome contains 3 structural genes whereas 18% of the study population told that HIV genome contains 2 structural genes and 1% of the study population told that HIV genome contains 1 structural gene. CONCLUSION: The results observed in our study showed that awareness of structural biology of HIV among dental students were high. Dental students were also aware of enzymes, structural and non structural genes associated with HIV.

INTRODUCTION: Superinfection is highly relevant to the disciplines of public health and immunology because it indicates that primary infection may provide only limited cross-immunity against re-exposure to a new strain of the virus. Development of a prophylactic vaccine may be more challenging if superinfection with a particular virus is common.HIVsuperinfection occurs when an HIV-infected individual becomes re-infected with a new phylogenetically distinct viral HIV strain. AIM: Aim of the study is to assess the knowledge of superinfection in HIV individuals among dental students and dental practitioners. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross sectional questionnaire was designed and distributed to 105 dental students and practitioners. Questionnaire includes email address, year of study, and questions about knowledge of superinfection in HIV individuals and various methods of detecting superinfection in HIV individuals. Data was collected, statistically analysed and results were obtained. RESULTS: Among the study population, majority of the study population (91.4%) aware that superinfection can occur in HIV individuals, whereas 7.6% of the study population not sure about the superinfection and 1.9% of the study population not aware of superinfection that occur in HIV individuals. CONCLUSION: Most of the dental students and dental practitioners (91.4%) were aware of superinfection in HIV individuals. The results observed in our study showed that most of the dental students (third year, final year, intern) aware about dual infection, types of dual infection, difference between superinfection and coinfection and various diagnostic assays for superinfection in HIV individuals.

Background:The present study was undertaken for assessing Individual Donor Nucleic Acid Test
(ID-NAT) For Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 & 2 and Hepatitis B & C Virus in Blood Donors.
Materials & methods:The present study was undertaken for assessing Individual Donor Nucleic
Acid Test (ID-NAT) For Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 & 2 and Hepatitis B & C Virus in
Blood Donors. All the blood samples of blood donors were screened by ID NAT and ELISA for
HIV1&2, HCV and HBV. Samples from donated blood units would be screened by ID NAT
byProcleix® Ultriopluselite® Assay (Panther® Grifols Diagnostic Solutions Inc. Emeryville,
USA)and by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results of ELISA and NAT tests
were compiled every day. Units which were reactive by any tests were segregated and kept in
quarantine area, and sent for disposal using biohazard labels. We assessed the seroprevalence of
HIV1&2, HCV and HBV by ID NAT testing among the entire voluntary and replacement donors
between 18-65 years of age. All the results were recorded in Microsoft excel sheet and were
analysed by SPSS software.
Results:A total number of 26474 blood donors were screened for HIV-1 & 2, HCV & HBV over
duration of one year. Out of them, 13998 were voluntary donors and 12476 were replacement
donors. Among total 741 reactive donors 587 donors were first time donors and 154 donors were
repeat donors. Out of total 360 (48.9%) replacement reactive samples 222(61.6%) samples were
sero positive NAT positive, 112(31.1%) and 26(7.2%) were reactive only by NAT. among
381(51.1%) voluntary reactive samples,206(54%) were reactive on both serology and IDNAT,
239(33.3%) samples have sero yield and 48(12.6%) were ID-NAT yield samples.
Conclusion:It was detected that 74 donor sample which were reactive by ID-NAT only they were
non-reactive on serology. 222 patients were protected from above mentioned viral infections who
were going to receive blood and blood components donated by these 74 NAT reactive donors which
were missed by serology assay because of window period.

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an RNA virus that causes a decrease in the immune system and destroys specific white blood cells called T-helper lymphocytes or Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4); CD4 is a parameter in HIV-AIDS patients while NLR is a simple parameters that were used to assess inflammatory status.
Purpose: This study aims to determine the relationship between CD4 and NLR levels in HIV-AIDS patients.
Methods: This is an observational study with a cross-sectional design conducted in September 2019-September 2020. The study populations were all HIV patients that hospitalized and outpatient at Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital and his network hospital. Data were analyzed descriptively to found out the association between CD4 and NLR levels in HIV-AIDS patients using the Spearman trial.  Results: A total of 150 subjects, consist of 62 (41.3%) subjects at age 30-39 years, 122 (81.3%) male subjects, 108 (72%) subjects who had PEM nutritional status, and 102 subjects (68%) subject with CD4 count <50. Based on the Spearman test, there is negative correlation of CD4 and NLR in HIV-AIDS patient.
Conclusion: There are significant negative correlation between CD4 and NLR in HIV-AIDS patients at Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar, which higher NLR correlates with the lower value of CD4..

Background:The widespread use of highly active retroviral therapy (HAART) has indicated a dramatic reduction in impairment due to immunodeficiency. Several studies have shown that an adverse event of HAART on dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. This study aimed to assess changes in lipid profiles after HAART.
Methods:A prospective cohort study with a consecutive sampling method consists of 59 HIV-infected patientsreceiving HAART at Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital, Makassar, Indonesia, from March-September 2020. Lipid profiles were measured at the initial time and after three months of HAART. The drug regimen was divided into two groups: Regimen 
group 1 (tenofovir, lamivudine, efavirenz), and another regimen group (consist of 4 regimen group combination: zidovudine, lamivudine, efavirenz; tenofovir, emtricitabine, lopinavir/ritonavir; tenofovir, lamivudine, nevirapine, and tenofovir, lamivudine, rilpivirine). ANOVA paired t-test and chi-square test were used for statistical analysis(it is significant if p is<0.05).
Results:The mean age of the subjects was 32.1 ± 6.6 years old. About 76.3% of subjects were male. Regimen 1 was used by 88.1% of the subjects and another regimen only 11.9% of the subjects. There were 27 subjects (45.8%) were underweight. The proportion of subjects with lipid abnormalities after 3 months of HAART significantly higher in LDL-c and TG level (P= 0.002 and 0.021). Regimen group1 showed increased levels of total cholesterol (TC), LDL-c, and TG (P = 0.037, 0.041, and 0.001) after HAART.
Conclusion:Highly active retroviral therapy is associated with lipid profile changes in HIV patients after 3 months of therapy.