European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Aim and objectives: Hence this study is being taken up for clinical as well as USG estimation of birth weight close to delivery date and to find their accuracy when compared to actual birth weight of the neonates.
Materials and method: This Prospective cross-sectional comparative study was conducted at Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri Pune from September 2020 to September 2022. Singleton pregnancy with vertex presentation at term (37-40 weeks) who had gestational age confirmed by dates and early trimester ultrasound scan.
Results: Among study population, 86.4% had a liquor between 8-15 cm. There were 4.5% participants each with liquor less than 8 cms, between 16-20 cms and above 20 cm. Weight estimation by the two methods had no statistically significant difference. However, clinical method was found to be slightly more accurate for estimating the antenatal foetal weight.
Conclusion: Clinical and fetal weight estimation is one of the easiest and cheapest method which can be applied in any setup like in rural areas, where facilities for ultrasound machine may not be available. So, clinical method does have the advantage over the other.

A common metabolic issue in new born is neonatal hypoglycemia, which is more prevalent in conditions including preterm, sepsis, and for small gestational age. New born without obvious risk factors may experience episodes of asymptomatic hypoglycemia.
Material and Methods: In a tertiary care facility, a hospital-based prospective study was carried out for a period of six months from August 2022 to January 2023. In the study, 104 new-borns who had successive deliveries were taken into account. At 3 hours, 12 hours, and 36 hours after birth, their babies have tested for plasma glucose levels. Using the SPSS (version 21) statistical program, the plasma glucose values were analysed statistically using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: The incidence of asymptomatic hypoglycemia among new-borns weighing more than two kgs was 18.3%. The risk factors such as male gender, Low birth weight babies, caesarean delivery small for gestational age was significantly associated with asymptomatic hypoglycaemia. Blood glucose levels was significantly lower in SGA babies and caesarean birth babies.
Conclusion: In neonates, asymptomatic hypoglycemia occurs quite frequently. In order to recognise asymptomatic hypoglycemia and implement preventative interventions to stop the transition to symptomatic hypoglycemia and its consequences later in life, strict monitoring and close attention are required

The aim of the study was to understand the factors causing meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) in relation to gestational age and birth weight and their immediate outcome.
Methods: This study was carried out in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Surabhi institute of medical sciences Siddipet, Telangana. The study included the clinical profile of consecutive 50 cases of meconium aspiration syndrome admitted to the above center during the period of July 2021 to January 2023.
Results: The mean birth weight of babies with MAS was 2.68 kg (1.7- 4 kgs). In these study, maximum number of cases of MAS were seen in babies with birth weight between 2- 2.4kgs (n=19, 38%), followed by babies with birth weight between 2.5-2.9 kg (n=16, 32%). Babies with birth weight between 3-3.4 formed 22% (n=11) of cases. MAS were also seen in preterm babies. 4 (8%) cases were of 34-36 weeks of gestation and 4 cases (8%) belonged to 36-38 weeks of gestation. None of the cases were below 34 weeks of gestation. In this study of babies with MAS, the most common complication was birth asphyxia in (38%, n=19) of cases, followed by ARF in (n=10, 20%) cases. Septicemia was seen in 18% (n=9) cases, pneumothorax in 8% (n=4), pulmonary hemorrhage in 4% (n=2) and pneumonia in 4%. (n=2) of cases.
Conclusion: MAS is an entity which is commonly seen in term and post term babies with birth weight >2.5 kg. There is a significant correlation between the birth weight and outcome in MAS. When thick meconium stained liquor is noted prior to birth, anticipation is necessary and non vigorous babies need aggressive management and possibly early ventilation. Asphyxiated babies should be followed up astutely. Continuous monitoring and early intervention, followed by due resuscitation as per guidelines can reduce the morbidity, complications and the mortality in MAS

Birth weight has been universally used as a measure of intrauterine growth, largely because of relative ease of its measurement and of its correlation with gestation.3. Weight is the most widely used single clinical indicator of growth. Fetal weight is the one single clinical factor of greatest interest to the neonatal pediatrician. All the singleton live born babies born in the hospital were examined with in 48 hours of birth. Gestational age was calculated by enquiring into 1st day of mothers last menstrual period and will be subsequently confirmed by New Ballard Score. Babies were weighed naked immediately after birth on lever actuated weighing scales to the nearest 50 g. The weighing machine was checked periodically by known standard weights. In the derived normogram based on birth weight and gestational age it was observed that there is a linear relationship of the birth weight with increasing gestational age. The birth weight increased linearly with the increasing gestational age upto 39 weeks, after which it started declining.

Background: The pattern of gestational weight gain (GWG) and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) are indicative of maternal and fetal nutrition during pregnancy and contribute to their later health. However, there is a paucity of studies related to this association from developing countries like India.
Objective: To study early pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain in relation to neonatal birth weight.
Methodology: This observational study was conducted on 1031pregnant women, aged 18-35 years, from June 2014-December 2015. Data was collected by a pre-designed questionnaire. Pre-pregnancy BMI and GWG gain at antenatal visits were noted. National health mission (NHM, 2014) guidelines were used to assess weight gain. Neonatal birth weight and gestational age at birth were noted post-delivery. Statistical analysis was performed using R software (Version 3.6.0).
Results: Majority of the women were 21-25 years old (57.81%), nullipara, normal BMI (72.16%) with poor education level (61.69%) and good socio-economic status (31.91%). Neonatal birth weight was within normal range (2.5-2.99 Kg) (41.22%) with maternal GWG within NHM recommendation (71%). A significant association was observed between neonatal birth weight and maternal BMI (P>0.001). A significant difference was observed in weight gain in 1^st and 2^nd trimester between underweight and normal weight subjects (P <0.05). Distribution of neonatal birth weight born to women with 1-4 Kg weight gain during 1^st trimester (P<0.05) and with 3-7 Kg during 2^nd and 3^rd trimester (P<0.001) was significantly different. A significant positive correlation existed between maternal BMI and neonatal birth weight (P<0.001); total GWG and birth weight of neonates for most demographic characters (P <0.05).
Conclusion: Maternal early pregnancy BMI and GWG are positively associated with neonatal birth weight with GWG causing an increase in birth weight.

Background:Objectives: 1.To establish correlation between Amniotic fluid Optical
density (AFOD), gestational age, birth weight and functional maturity of the
newborn.2.To obtain mean AFOD at spontaneous onset of labor. 3.To study the
functional maturity of the newborns, especially in terms of lung maturity by means of
presence or absence of RDS in babies born out of spontaneous labor and in those born
by elective termination.
Materials and Methods: From November 2019 to November 2021, 80 pregnant women
attending Katuri Medical College in Guntur were studied descriptively. We chose 80
singleton pregnant women in spontaneous labour who had a first trimester ultrasound
and estimated crown rump length. AF samples were taken aseptically during
amniotomy and caesarean section after meticulous hysterotomy from the bulging
membranes. Amniotic fluid optical density measured at 650 nm. All the babies' birth
weights were noted. NICU admission, respiratory distress, etc.
Results: we see few babies born even at 35+ wks are fully mature and do not develop
RDS. Buton the other hand few born even after 40 wks are functionally premature and
develop RDS. Some AFODs match the newborn's functional maturity whereas others
don't. AFOD can assess a fetus's functional maturity. At AFOD 1, newborns are
completely functioning. Babies with AFOD 0.4 are immature and have RDS regardless
of gestational age, while those with AFOD 1+ are fully mature. Those with AFOD 1.75+
had postnatal alterations.
Conclusion: Each foetus has its own maturity potential, which occurs at various
gestational ages and birth weights. AFOD 1.05820.36 babies had functional maturity,
brown skin with little vernix, and no respiratory distress. Amniotic fluid OD.

Stunting is a state of the body that is short and so short that it exceeds the SD-2 deficit below the median length or height. Stunting is a public health problem because it is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and death, delayed motor development and stunted mental growth. The general objective of the study was to find out the most dominant determinant factors related to stunting in infants aged 6-24 months at UPT Puskesmas Garum, Blitar Regency. This research is quantitative using a cross sectional research design with a total sample of 151 toddlers. This research was conducted by processing secondary data from the Weigh Month Results of the Garum Health Center UPT and Blitar District Health Office in February 2019. The interview respondents were conducted in November 2019. Variables used include stunting toddlers, nutritional status of pregnant women and exclusive breastfeeding. Data processing and analysis using chi square test (bivariate) and multiple logistic regression (multivariate). The results of the analysis showed that based on the TB / U index, stunting toddlers were 73.9%. Chi square test results show that there is a relationship between stunting toddlers aged 6-24 months based on the history of the nutritional status of pregnant women, the history of the baby's birth weight and the history of exclusive breastfeeding. The results of multivariate analysis showed that the most dominant independent variables related to stunting under five were birth weight after being controlled by the nutritional status variable of pregnant women and exclusive breastfeeding.

Stunting is a state of the body that is short and so short that it exceeds the SD-2 deficit below the median length or height. Stunting is a public health problem because it is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and death, delayed motor development and stunted mental growth. The general objective of the study was to find out the most dominant determinant factors related to stunting in infants aged 6-24 months at UPT Puskesmas Garum, Blitar Regency. This research is quantitative using a cross sectional research design with a total sample of 151 toddlers. This research was conducted by processing secondary data from the Weigh Month Results of the Garum Health Center UPT and Blitar District Health Office in February 2019. The interview respondents were conducted in November 2019. Variables used include stunting toddlers, nutritional status of pregnant women and exclusive breastfeeding. Data processing and analysis using chi square test (bivariate) and multiple logistic regression (multivariate). The results of the analysis showed that based on the TB / U index, stunting toddlers were 73.9%. Chi square test results show that there is a relationship between stunting toddlers aged 6-24 months based on the history of the nutritional status of pregnant women, the history of the baby's birth weight and the history of exclusive breastfeeding. The results of multivariate analysis showed that the most dominant independent variables related to stunting under five were birth weight after being controlled by the nutritional status variable of pregnant women and exclusive breastfeeding.