European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Neurofibromas are slow growing, benign tumours of peripheral nerve tissue seen frequently in association with neurofibromatosis type 1. Although the third decade of life is when presentations are at their peak, cases have been documented in people as young as 10 months to as old as age of 70. The true nature of the disease is often revealed by histopathological evaluation. The isolated occurrence of neurofibroma in maxillary sinus is rare with less than 10 cases reported in literature. Here, we report a rare case of solitary neurofibroma of left maxillary sinus without generalised syndrome of neurofibromatosis in a 27-year-old female patient.

Introduction: Formation of calcified bodies in various organs is not uncommon but their occurrence in maxillofacial region is not a routine. Maxillary antrolith refers to a mineralized mass in the maxillary sinus either of exogenous or endogenous origin. Case Report: A case of maxillary antrolith in a 65-year-old edentulous male is presented here who complained of nasal blockage, headache and recurrent attacks of common cold from past many years. Computed tomography revealed right maxillary antrolith formation. Surgical exploration of the maxillary sinus was done and the calcified mass was removed. Histopathological analysis revealed a calcium deposition around a necrotic mass.

Background: Evaluation of maxillary sinus dimensions is important in correlation to age and gender by computed tomography. CT measurements of maxillary sinus are useful in age estimation and in clinical procedures.
Method: A morphometric analysis using Computed Tomography (CT scans) of the maxillary sinus of 118 individuals were taken for the study were divided into three age groups that is from 20-30 years, from 31-40 years and from 41-50 years and their measurements were recorded from right side maxillary sinus as well as from left side maxillary sinus. Maxillary sinus Cranio-caudal diameter, Transverse diameter, Antero-posterior diameter and volume were measured and then subjected to statistical evaluation in order to determine mean difference, t-value, p-value for evaluation.
Results: Similarly, there was a statistically significant association between the mean dimensions of height, width, depth, and volume of the right and left maxillary sinus, in the age group of 20-30years and in the age group of 31 - 40 years.  In our investigations it was found that with the increase in age beyond 40 years, there was decrease in maxillary sinus dimensions and our other findings were similar to the previous reports.
Conclusion: CT images provide invaluableinformation on the dimensions of maxillary sinus in different age groups and hence the study proved vital in identifying age.  It was of paramount importance for clinicians and toplanning procedures by surgeons

The most common disease affecting the maxillary sinus is of odontogenic origin. Dental practitioners should be aware about the pathologies related to maxillary sinus and its relationship to maxillary dentition and supporting structures. After the introduction of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), it has become the imaging modality of choice for clinicians in evaluating maxillary sinuses and maxillofacial structures. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging can be achieved by  CBCT, which offers volumetric data about sinus pathologies and relationship between the  maxillary teeth roots and the antrum with relatively low radiation doses and costs. CBCT is also capable of guiding the clinicians in final diagnosis, treatment planning and follow up. This review aims to emphasize the role of CBCT in the detection of maxillary sinus pathologies in day to day dental practice. Further studies using 3-D visualization in sinus pathologies will yield a fundamental data & guidelines for future research. However, more research is required to authenticate its use in odontogenic maxillary sinusitis.

Abstract: The article describes odontogenic maxillary sinusitis that occurs in diseases of
the teeth or upper jaw. The main reasons for its occurrence have been given: foreign
bodies such as splinters, roots of teeth embedded in the maxillary sinus during their
removal, filling material brought into the sinus, dental implants that have migrated to its
cavity. Today's methods of treatment of chronic odontogenic maxillary sinusitis are
described. A large number of studies have been devoted to the problem of odontogenic
sinusitis. However, the treatment and diagnostic tactics of otorhinolaryngologist and
dentist at this form of nosological pathology is not determined. The presented data testify to
expediency of the correct approach to treatment of patients with chronic odontogenic
sinusitis.

Implant Surgeon Gary Greenstein,* † John Cavallaro,* ‡ and Dennis Tarnow* § A proficient knowledge of oral anatomy is needed to provide effective implant dentistry. This article addresses basic ana- tomic structures relevant to the dental implantologist. Pertinent muscles, blood supply, foramen, and nerve innervations that may be encountered during implant procedures are reviewed. Caution must be exercised when performing surgery in certain regions of the mouth. Furthermore, numerous suggestions are provided regarding the practical application of anatomy to facilitate successful implant therapy Review Practical Application of Anatomy for the Dental Implant Surgeon Gary Greenstein,* † John Cavallaro,* ‡ and Dennis Tarnow* § A proficient knowledge of oral anatomy is needed to provide effective implant dentistry. This article addresses basic ana- tomic structures relevant to the dental implantologist. Pertinent muscles, blood supply, foramen, and nerve innervations that may be encountered during implant procedures are reviewed. Caution must be exercised when performing surgery in certain regions of the mouth. Furthermore, numerous suggestions are provided regarding the practical application of anatomy to facilitate successful implant therapy Review 
Practical Application of Anatomy for the Dental Implant Surgeon Gary Greenstein,* † John Cavallaro,* ‡ and Dennis Tarnow* § A proficient knowledge of oral anatomy is needed to provide effective implant dentistry. This article addresses basic ana- tomic structures relevant to the dental implantologist. Pertinent muscles, blood supply, foramen, and nerve innervations that may be encountered during implant procedures are reviewed. Caution must be exercised when performing surgery in certain regions of the mouth. Furthermore, numerous suggestions are provided regarding the practical application of anatomy to facilitate successful implant therapy
A proficient knowledge of oral anatomy is needed to provide effective implant dentistry. This article addresses basic anatomic structures relevant to the dental implantologist. Pertinent muscles, blood supply, foramen, and nerve innervations that may be encountered during implant procedures are reviewed. Caution must be exercised when performing surgery in certain regions of the mouth. Furthermore, numerous suggestions are provided regarding the practical application of anatomy to facilitate successful implant therapy.

The sinus membrane perforationcombined withexposing dental implant into the maxillary sinus is considered as a potential risk factor for implant failure and sinus complication.The present studyinvestigated the incidence of intentional sinus membrane perforation by dental implant in different depths and the possible risk factors associated with membrane perforations and assessed the implant osseointegratin and the survival rate of implants placed in the posterior maxillain a dog model. A total of 32 titanium implants were placed in the bilateral maxillary first molar areas of 16 adult mongrel dogs with different penetrating depths of implants into the maxillary sinus cavities (group A: 0 mm; group B: 1 mm; group C: 2mm; group D: 3 mm). The sample, block biopsies were harvested six months after surgery and evaluated by Biomechanical analysisandradiographic observation.After six months healing period, no signs of inflammatory reactions or complications were observed in any maxillary sinus of the sixteen doges. The results showed that the posterior maxillary edentulous areas with reduced bone height may be successfully rehabilitated with implants that penetrate the Schneiderian membrane and extended into the maxillary antrum. During the 6-monthes observational period in canines, despite the different protrusion extent, penetration of dental implant into the maxillary sinus with membrane perforation did not compromise the dental implant osseointegation processes and the sinus health. It was also found out when penetrating depth into the sinus is less than 2 mm, the apical portion of implant could be re-covered by regenerating membrane.No significant differences were found among groups regarding implant stability, bone-to-implant contact (BIG) and bone area in the implant threads (BA). In conclusion, invading the maxillary sinus by dental implant is not necessarily associated with significant complications as was generally expected, and stable osseointegrated dental implant that perforate the sinus without apparent immediate complication cannot be considered a harmful factors that necessitate its immediate removal, so could be left provided that they were initially stable.