European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

This study designed for detection the prevalence of IBS and efficacy of different drugs in treatment of these cases. The total patients that examined were 640. Out of 160 confirmed patients with IBS, sixty persons at different ages from 21-45 years and both sexes were selected and divided into 4 groups each group contain 15 persons: The research is a cross-sectional analysis of a population sample of people visiting hospitals and health centers in Baghdad, Iraq. Patients were not eligible if they had a prior experience of a gastrointestinal illness other than IBS or if they had undergone gastrointestinal surgery. G1 control negative, G2 Patients were given mebeverine pills having 135 milligrams three times weekly for 8 weeks, G3 patients were given 3-6 × 10⁹ CFU per capsule, in equal representation of each probiotic were treated for 8 weeks, G4 patients were given tablet with a fine powder blend of three herbs: Mentha longifolia leaves (150 mg), Cyperus rotundus tubers (150 mg), and Zingiber officinale tubers (150 mg) (150 mg). For 8 weeks, the pills were given thrice weekly, once before each dinner and once an hour after eating. The current study showed that the age group 21-30 were highly infected when compared with another age groups. The results of treatment trails exhibited that mebeverine and herbs were most effected treatment as compared with probiotic treated group. The results of treatment trails exhibited that mebeverine and herbs were most effected treatment as compared with probiotic treated group

Background: Autopsy (necropsy, post mortem examination, thanatopsy) is the examination of a person’s body after death. An autopsy is of different types. But among them Medicolegal autopsy is the concern of the forensic pathologist in India. Study of weight of human body organs plays a significant role in almost all the branches of medical sciences including forensic medicine, as any deviation in weight from the normal range suggests some pathological change in the organ. Recording of organ weights is one of regular criteria by the forensic experts during an autopsy. The findings were compared to what is standard or average of a specific organ for a specific age range and particular sex. The determination of weights of abdominal organs in particular has significant clinical value.
Materials and Methods: After getting institutional ethical committee clearance, the study done over the body of the 570 deceased came for medicolegal autopsy fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Results: Total 570 cases were selected after following the inclusion and exclusion criteria out of which 362 were males and 208 were females. Among the studied 570 cases, 362 (63.5 %) were male and 208 (36.5 %) were female. In this study the discussion was mainly on relation of age, sex, body weight, and body length upon the weights of thoracic viscera.
Conclusion: A database can be formed from this study regarding normal range of the weight of various organs and their relation with external parameters of the subjects which can be applicable on the population of this region for future reference. In severely mutilated bodies found in mass disasters or in homicidal killing, weights of isolated organs may give an idea about the stature, built and age of the victims helping in identification.

Background: Autopsy (necropsy, post mortem examination, thanatopsy) is the meticulous and thorough examination of a person’s body after death. An autopsy can be of different types. To the forensic pathologist, Medicolegal autopsy is the most important concern. Study of weight of human body organs plays a significant role in almost all the branches of medical sciences as any deviation in weight from the normal range may suggest some pathological change in the organ. Recording of organ weights is one of regular criteria by the forensic experts during an autopsy. The findings were compared to what is standard or average of a specific organ for a specific age range and particular sex. The determination of weights of brain in particular has significant clinical value.
Materials and Methods: After getting institutional ethical committee clearance, the study conducted over the body of the 570 deceased came for medicolegal autopsy fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Results: Total 570 cases had been selected after following the inclusion and exclusion criteria out of which 362 were males and 208 were females. Among the studied 570 cases, 362 (63.5 %) were male and rest (36.5 %) were female. In this study the discussion was mainly on relation of age, sex, body weight, and body length upon the weight of brain.

Conclusion: A database may be deduced from this study regarding normal range of the weight of various organs and their relation with external parameters of the subjects which can be applicable on the population of this region for future reference. In severely mutilated bodies found in mass disasters or in homicidal killing, weights of isolated organs may give an idea about the stature, built and age of the victims helping in identification

Background: Heel pain is common in active young and old adults. Plantar pain usually develops due to degeneration of heel fat pad. Loss of elasticity and changes in thickness of fat pad are considered to cause plantar heel pain.
Objectives:

To compare sub calcaneal fat pad thickness and its compressibility between the patients with and without current plantar heel pain.
To assess correlation of heel pad parameters with age and BMI.

Materials and Methods: A case control study was conducted in the Department of orthopaedics at Raja Rajeswari Medical College and Hospital. Heel pad compressibility index, heel pad thickness in loading (HPTL), heel pad thickness in unloading (HPTUL) were considered as primary outcome variables and demographic variables, anthropometric variables, were considered as Study relevant parameters. Heel Pain was considered as Primary explanatory variable.

Aim: Estimate the overall frequencies of positive perception towards orthodontic treatment among medical and general population. Objective: To compare the percentage of interest in orthodontic treatment between medical and non-medical professional and according to age. Material and method: 60 medical and 60 non-medical professional participated in the study. Questionnaire was given to them and necessary data was tabulated. The medical and non-medical professionals’ perception towards orthodontic treatment was recorded. Statistical analysis: chi-square test and fischer’s exact test. Result: The overall rate of positive response towards orthodontic treatment of medical group was 75% while 51.7% was found for non-medical group. According to age younger group i.e 20s and 30s showed better perception towards orthodontics treatment than the middle-aged group. conclusion:  study concludes that awareness is still required for both the medical and non-medical professional for orthodontic treatment and middle-age population has to be taken in consideration when it comes to awareness for orthodontic treatment.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) refers to a group of common metabolic disorders that share the phenotype of hyperglycaemia.
Objectives: To study the co-relation of Depression in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with respect to age, gender, literacy, marital status.
Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Medicine, at a tertiary care Hospital. The study included 543 known diabetes patients coming to our hospital during a period of 12 months. All the cases were then assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) for the presence of depression.
Results: Mean age was 53.01 years and 51.56 years in diabetic cases with and without depression (p-0.18). Prevalence of depression was 19.6% among male diabetics while it was 18% in female diabetics (p-0.65). No association was observed between depression among diabetics with marital status (p-1.0). No association was observed between depression among diabetics with literacy rate (p-0.552).
Conclusion: No association was observed between depression   among   diabetics with age, gender, literacy, marital status.

Introduction: Legal punishment and crimes are entirely based on the criminal
responsibilities and age of the person. The crime against the children and adolescent
and crime by the children and adolescent are increasing hugely in this modern era
where technologies are improving greatly. Evaluating the bone age in skeletally
immature patient gained importance for therapeutic decision-making, and the
knowledge about the skeletal development forms the basis for the results interpretation.
In Adolescence, the age of appearance of the ossification centers of their elbow has a
relatively well-established chronological sequence which are documented in literature:
humerus capitulum, radius head, medial or internal epicondyle, humerus trochleaand
lateral or external epicondyle.
Materials and Methods:The study was carried out on a total of 143 subjects out of
which 110 were males and 33 were females. After obtaining the written consent from
every individual, subjects were allowed for their radiological examination. The X-rays
of wrist were first taken with A-P view at 40- 44 KVp and 4 – 8 mAs (Focussing at mid
carpal area). The X-ray of elbow was then taken with A-P view at 42-44 KVp and 4–8
mAs (Centering at mid carpal area). The tube current was fixed at 40 inches and tube
current at 100 mA. The persons selected for the study were grouped as per their stated
age viz, 15-16 years, 16-17years, 17-18years & 18-19 years.
Results:The complete fusion of ossification centres around elbow joint in males starts at
the age of 15-16 years followed by individuals of 17-18 years showing complete fusion
from a range of 80-90% and all the 18 subjects between 18-19 years shows 100%
complete fusion. In females it showed that the complete fusion of all ossification centres
around elbow joint started at the age group of 15-16 years but was not complete and it
was followed by appearance of 100% complete fusion in 16-19 years age group of
individuals.
Conclusion:This study proves that the complete fusion of ossification centres around
elbow and wrist joint in females occurs earlier than in males by 1-2 years. 100%
complete fusion around elbow joint in females occurs at 16-17 years whereas in males it
is seen at 18-19years. 100% complete fusion around wrist joint is seen in females of age
group 18-19 years whereas it is just the lower end of ulna that shows complete fusion in
males at the same age as females.

ABSTRACT
Background: Age determination in both living and dead plays animportant role in
medicolegal cases. There are various methods to assess the age by physical
characteristics, odonatological development but the most valuable method seems to be
the osteological changes observed by radiological examination ie., the appearance and
fusion of secondary ossification centerslike medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle,
capitulum & trochlea. The present study was conducted on 131 subjects out of which
110 were males and 21 were females. The main aim of the study was to find the age of
fusion of secondary ossification centersof medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle,
capitulum & trochlea and to compare the distribution of fusion of ossification centers
between males and females.
Materials and Methods: Firstly, informed consent was taken. Preliminary details of
each individual were noted that included general examination, physical examination,
dental examination followed by taking X-ray AP view of elbow for radiological
examination. The results were noted based on the degree of fusion as No Union (O),
Beginning union(B), Recent union(R), Complete union(C).
Results: The present study showed among males, the fusion for each ossification centers
ofmedial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle, capitulum & trochlea started by 15-16 years
and was completed by 18-19 years whereas in females it started fusion by 15-16 years
but complete fusion occurred around 16-17 years itself.
Conclusion: Based on the analysis of fusion of ossification centers it shows that the
ossification centers of medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle, capitulum & trochlea fuses
earlier in females by 1-2 years than in males.

The prevalence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) in type 2 DM patients increases with
the duration and poor glycemic control. Patients with CAN are at increased risk for
autonomic dysfunction like resting tachycardia,abnormal systolic and diastolic function
leading to syncope and dizziness, prolonged QT interval, silent ischemia/infarction, lethal
arrhythmias and sudden death.Usage of 5 simple and cheap bed side tests for autonomic
function and corrected QT interval from ECG are helpful in early diagnosis of CAN. Early
recognition of CAN is helpful in delaying effects of CAN by strict control of blood sugar and
following healthy life style. Our study was conducted on100known and newly diagnosedType
2 Diabetes Mellitus patients<60 years whopresentedto Medicine OPD and admitted in IPD
wardsin Maharani LaxmiBai Medical College.Out of total 100 patients,49% had normal
score(0,1); 25% had borderline score(2,3,4); rest 26% had abnormal score ≥5; the prevalence
of CAN was 51%.Among 100 patients 47% patients were foundwith poor glycemic control
(HbA1C ≥ 8),in these 17% had early and 21% had definite CAN. Out of 100 patients of the
study, 55% patients had QTc>440ms out of which 17% had early and 23% had definite CAN.
The CAN also increased with older age group. So it is important to diagnose CAN early in
asymptomatic diabetics. There is significant correlation between CAN and QT prolongation.
QT interval in ECG can be used to diagnose CAN with reasonable sensitivity and specificity.
Usage of 5 bedside autonomic function tests are very helpful in early diagnosis of CAN.Strict
control of blood sugar can delay the early development of CAN. Intensive control of blood
sugar can delay the early development of CAN.

Background: Poisoning is a major epidemic of non-communicable disease in the present
century. Poisoning is common in the world including India but modes of poisoning varies as
it may result from the attempt of suicide, homicide and accidents. Present retrospective study
was aimed to analyse deaths due to poisoning at a tertiary care hospital.
Material andMethods: Present study was retrospective study, conducted with medical &
case-records of victims of poisoning whose body was autopsied in the mortuary of tertiary
care hospital.
Results: In this study, of the total of 3275 cases of postmortem, poisoning constituted 433
cases amounting to 13.22%. Most of cases were from the age group of 21-30 yrs (27.48%)
followed by 31-40 yrs (25.17%) & 41-50 yrs (16.4%). Most of cases were males (66.74%) as
compared to females (33.26%). Most of cases survived for less than 1 day period (54.73%) &
had manner of death as suicidal (94.46%). In present study, most common poison used were
organo-phosphorous compounds (64.43%), aluminium phosphide (5.77%), zinc phosphide
(5.77%), corrosive acid poison (5.08%) & carbonates (4.62%). In present study, negative
chemical analysis report (50.35%) were more common than positive chemical analysis report
(49.65%). In present study, common reason for intake of poison were physical illness
(41.11%), marital dispute (20.32%), economic crisis (13.16%), love failure (6.47%) &
accidental (5.54%). Other less common causes were conflict with parents (3.46%), family
dispute (3.46%), mental illness (3%) & academic failure (2.77%).
Conclusion: We noted that male sex, age group from second to fourth decade of their life,
married,low socioeconomic status are at high risk for poisoning.

Background: Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) can cause thromboticcomplications, one of them is ischemic stroke. Stroke is one of the main cause of disability. Age has been shown to be associated with the outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The aim of this study is to prove the correlation between age and clinical outcome as measured by National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS) in acute thrombotic stroke with COVID-19.
 
Methods: This study usea cross sectional design. The sample in this study was acute thrombotic stroke patients with COVID-19 from March 2020 to May 2021 at the Emergency and Isolation Ward at Dr.Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya. Age and NIHSS datawere taken from medical records when the patient first admitted.
 
Results:We collected 21 subjects consisting of 12 males and 9 females. The mean age of the subjects was 57.62 ± 10.05, with the youngest age was 37 years old and the oldest was 78 years old. The range of NIHSS ​​in this study was 1-33. We found a positive correlation, with moderate correlation strength, between the age variable and the NIHSS which was statistically significant (r=0.483; p=0.026).
 
Conclusion: There is a positive correlation between age and clinical outcomes as measured by NIHSS in acute thrombotic stroke patients with COVID-19.
 
 

Background: The pituitary gland was first described anatomically by a Belgian scientist Andreas Vesalius in 1543.Pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland of human body Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the most suitable modality for the evaluation of pituitary gland pathologies. Knowledge of the normal dimensions of the pituitary gland is needed to differentiate normal from abnormal cases. Size of the gland especially height varies according to age group and also gender. The references values are helpful for evaluating pituitary gland especially in borderline cases in whom dynamic post contrast studies are needed for further evaluation. Hence we conducted a study to formulate the normal data for different age groups.
Aim of the study: Aim of the study is to evaluate the size and shape of pituitary gland according to different age groups on MRI.
Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted in the department of Radiology, Government Medical College, Baramulla, Jammu and Kashmir, India, a tertiary care teaching hospital. 203 patients who had undergone brain MRI, Patients with seller or parasellar pathologies and endocrine disorders were excluded from the study. Mid sagittal T1 weighted images were analysed for size and shape of the gland.
Results: Our study included 203 patients, 112 males and 91 females. The patients were divided into different age groups from 0 to 10 years, 11-20 years, 21-30 years, 31-40 years, 41-50 years, 51-60 years and 61 years and above. Mean height of pituitary gland in our study was 5.42 mm. Maximum height was found in 11-20 years age group. After 11-20 years age group, gradual decline in the height was noted. Minimal increase in the elderly age group was also seen. Most common shape of the pituitary gland was flat in our study.
Conclusion: The reference value of normal size of pituitary gland in various genders and age groups has been standardized. Any variation in size will help the clinician to deduce any pathology and make early diagnosis and plan adequate this will be avoid unnecessary suffering to patients. Knowledge of pituitary gland height in different age groups is helpful in distinguishing normal from abnormal gland. Normal data of the study is useful for the same.

Background:The parasympathetic division is primarily involved in relaxation, preparing the body to rest and recover. The present study assessed correlation between age and the parasympathetic nervous system.
Materials & Methods: 84 individuals of both genders were assessed for heart rate variation during deep breathing (Expiration/Inspiration ratio), heart-rate response to standing (30:15 ratio) and heart-rate response to Valsalva maneuver (VM ratio).
Results: Out of 84 subjects, males were 50 and females were 34. There was highly significant negative correlation between age and E:I ratio (P<0.00). There was highly significant negative correlation between age and 30:15 ratio (P< 0.05). There was nonsignificant negative correlation between age and VM ratio (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: There was decline in parasympathetic functions with increasing age

Background:Dental and oral health problems can have an impact on the ability to chew, bite, swallow or talk, one's appearance, smile and self-esteem, social factors such as eating or talking in front of others, pain or discomfort, which will affect the quality of life of individuals. Purpose:of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between the age of patients with oral health problems with the quality of life.Method:This research is a descriptive type of research with 118 respondents. The questionnaire completed by the respondent which contained primary data including name, gender, age, disease history, OHIP-14 scale, and five-point scale. Result:Most of the study subjects were respondents who were in the young adult age group (25-44 years), with a higher quality of life score (12.04%). The average results of OHIP scores of subjects with the highest scores stated that subjects in both ages ranges felt disturbed especially in terms of mastication, ingestion, and speech functions by 11.9%. The lowest score is at the point of feeling hard to do any activity at 4.89% and feels easily offended or upset at 5.67%.Conclusion: The result shows a significant difference from the statistical analysis test of OHIP-14 scores according to age. Thus it can be concluded that there is a relationship between the age range in patients with oral health problems with the quality of life.

Background: Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) is an indicator of the basic concept of physical fitness (physical fitness). The factors that determine VO2 max include heart lung function, age, aerobic muscle metabolism, body obesity, exercise state, genetics, gender, multivitamins. The age of 20-30 years is the peak age of heart and lung endurance, then it will decrease due to increasing age, the person will reduce various sports activities. Methods: This study was conducted to determine differences in VO2 Max in riverbank communities in HST Regency based on age, sex, and cellular immunity (neutrophils and lymphocytes). The samples used were 30 samples each based on adult and elderly age, sex, and neutrophil and lymphocyte examination results. Sampling using simple random sampling on samples that meet the inclusion criteria. VO2 Max is measured by the Rockport method. Data analysis used unpaired t test if the data were normally distributed and Mann Whitney if the data were not normally distributed with a confidence level of 95%. Results: VO2 max values for the less fit and fit men group were 35.7% and 64.3%, respectively. Meanwhile, the VO2 max value for the less fit and fit women group was 62.5% and 37.5%, respectively. The p value of both groups is 0.03. The neutrophil mean of the less fit and fitter groups were 63.5 and 59.1, respectively. The neutrophil mean for the less fit and fitter groups were 27.6 and 31.1, respectively.Conclusion: There are significant differences in VO2 max in groups of women and men, adults and elderly residents of Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency, South Kalimantan. In addition, there was also a significant difference in the percentage of neutrophils and lymphocytes between the VO2 max fitter and less fitter groups.

Endodontic file fracture is an uncommon event. It is important to assess the variations in root and root canal morphology before initiating any endodontic treatment .Occurrence of instrument fracture is reported to range between 0.3% and 16.2% . The aim of the study is to assess the association between age and teeth referred for retrieval of a separated instrument. In this retrospective study a total of 82000 patient records were reviewed and data related to instrument retrieval were extracted and tabulated for data analysis. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software and chi square test was used to determine the occurrence of instrument fracture in patients undergoing root canal treatment based on age and teeth. Occurrence of instrument fracture was found to be highest in the 31 to 41 years age group and there is no relation between age and teeth referred for retrieval of separated instrument.

Tooth wear is a multifactorial condition which can lead to the loss of dental hard tissue which is enamel and dentin. Attrition is mechanical wear of tooth as a result of function or parafunctional habit caused due to tooth to tooth contact. Attrition on the occlusal surfaces of teeth is happening throughout life which results in esthetic disfigurement, occlusal disharmony, pulpal trauma and impaired function. Premilarily diagnosis, treatment and preventive measures of tooth wear is necessity and an important part of day today practice. Hence, the aim of this study is to determine prevalence of tooth wear based on age and gender. A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with age groups of 27-73 years and reviewing the 86,000 patient records between June 2019 to November 2019. A total of 58 patients were evaluated for category, age and gender of tooth wear. The Collected data were recorded by evaluating the clinical photographs and examination. Data were collected and tabulated in the excel sheets which were Imported to the SPSS version 20 for statistical analysis. Out of 58 patients 53.4% were males and 46.6% were females. The prevalence of tooth wear is more among 61-70 years of age with male predilection. The most prevalent type is category 2 followed by category 1 and category 3.

Age is an important factor in clinical practice, research, and court of law. One of the interesting applications of forensic odontology is age estimation by means of teeth. Dental development is relatively independent from other systems maturation. Detectable variation in the tempo of tooth mineralization and duration of tooth maturation between children from different geographical regions were reported. Enamel is translucent and varies in color from light yellow to grey white. The color of the teeth has been reported to be affected by chronological age. Enamel color may also depend on environmental factors viz. diet, occupational habits, vitamin deficiencies, fluoride level in drinking water etc. Enamel color was found to be associated with the chronological age . The enamel color was evaluated using a VITA classical shade guide. Identification of individual age with no birth record can be done using enamel color. Further advance in enamel shade for age estimation with increased sample size would enhance the knowledge and improve the accuracy of methods used in the field of forensic odontology.

Oral health is a vital part of overall infant health.An early age between 6 months to 12 months dental visit is important in rendering prevention,intervention and parental counselling regarding oral health. Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual potential tissue damage according to internal association for the study of pain. Aim of the study is to assess the association between age of the first dental visit and pain in children. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using the patient records from the Department of pedodontic, Saveetha Dental College,visited from February 2019 to February 2020.The children with first dental visit without the past dental history were collected and from which whosoever first visit with chief complaint of pain data were gathered . The collected Data was then subjected to statistical analysis using spss version 20.0.Overall prevalence of chief complaint of pain during first visit was (96.5%). Among first dental visit with pain about 47.2 % was seen in the age of 6-8 years while the least was (14.0%) seen at the age of 11-13 years.The results proved that many parents were unaware about the right age of the child first dental visit.Most of the parents bought their children to the dentist after their child experienced or suffered from pain.There is a need to raise awareness about the importance of oral health care of their children sensitively at the budding stage of life

Taste is a sensation of the gustatory system . Taste sensation along with olfaction is carried out by the trigeminal nerve. Taste receptors are present in the taste buds .Human tongues have papillae mostly on the anterior two-third of the tongue . The taste cells present on the tongue are responsible for the perception of taste.Around 50 years of age taste sensation tends to disappear slowly .the study aims to find and analyse about the effect of age on taste perception.To undergo this review, articles from PUBMED and Google scholar were collected and many other articles were collected from the reference section of other articles.It is found that many factors are responsible for loss of taste sensation like reduction of taste buds , poor oral hygiene ,salivary flow, systemic diseases, smoking, and medication. After referring to many articles it is evident that perception of bitter taste is lost with age. From the current study it is evident that many techniques have been used to detect the taste perception in old age people and the most effective method was threshold perception.

Background:Due to the increasing esthetic demands in today's world it becomes necessary to study various treatment options which enhance an overall aesthetics of an individual. One of the most important topics in contemporary dentistry is re-establishing a patient lost dental esthetic appearance. In cases where aesthetics plays an important role such as restoring the anterior teeth, clinicians mostly prefer a conservative yet aesthetic approach instead of restoring the teeth with full coverage crowns. In such situations direct and indirect veneers play an important role. So therefore, it becomes necessary to study direct and indirect veneers.Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of direct and indirect veneers used in smile correction.Materials and Methods:It is designed as a retrospective study. A total of 111 patient records where veneering with direct and indirect technique was planned were acquired. It was done by analysing records of 86000 patient data who were treated from March 2019- March 2020. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the frequency and percentages of direct and indirect veneers . Chi square test was used to evaluate the association between age and gender with the type of veneering technique. SPSS version 20 software was used to perform statistics.Results: Out of the total cases evaluated, 78. 4 % of the cases were planned for indirect veneering and 21.6% of the cases were planned for direct veneering. There was a significant association between age of the patient and the type veneering technique planned p value 0.001 and no significant association between the type of veneering and gender of the patient p value 0.790Conclusion:Within the limitations of the study, Indirect veneering technique was found to be more convenient and it was performed much more as compared to that of direct veneering technique. There is a positive association between age of the patient and type of veneering technique planned for them.

Crossbite is the discrepancy in buccolingual relationship between the upper and lower teeth involving skeletal or dental components. Cross bites can be anterior or Posterior and skeletal or dental and unilaterally present or bilaterally present. Posterior crossbites as and when identified should be corrected since they are known to cause growth impairment. This study was done to report the prevalence of posterior crossbites and gender association in class II malocclusions. This retrospective study was done on case records of the patients who had reported to the orthodontic department, saveetha dental college, in the past 8 months. 1016 class II malocclusion case records in the age range 12-40 yrs were selected for the study, presence of posterior crossbites was evaluated in them and the frequency of crossbites was tabulated and statistical analysis was done in SPSS.The study showed that the overall prevalence of posterior crossbite in class II malocclusions was 3.8 %. single tooth crossbites(73.7%) were more common than multiple teeth crossbite(26.3%). No gender association for posterior crossbites was noted. In conclusion the present study reports a prevalence of 3.8% for posterior crossbites in class II malocclusion and there was no significant gender association.

Dental injuries result in functional , esthetic and psychological disturbance accompanied by great concern.Traumatic dental injuries are due to the physical impact on a tooth and its surrounding tissues which may be direct or indirect trauma to the teeth may result either injury of pulp, with or without damage of crown or root displacement of the tooth from the socket. The most frequent causes of these injuries are falls, sport activities, bicycling, traffic accidents. A cross sectional retrospective study of, study population will 100 adult patients visiting Saveetha Dental College and Hospital with tooth fracture . Data was gathered and analyzed. The data was tabulated and Chi square analysis done using IBM SPSS software version 20. With the limited population and parameters of this study, there is a more prevalence of tooth fracture in male over females .The most common tooth involved in fracture is 21.Traumatic dental injuries are recognized as a public dental health problem worldwide.

Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the frequency of the number of patients who undergo maxillary single complete denture in a private dental college, Chennai.
Materials and Methods: The data were reviewed from patient records in a private dental college from a particular time period of June 2019 to March 2020. The data collected was then tabulated in excel and exported to SPSS by IBM. The outputs were obtained through statistical analysis..
Results: The results obtained were based on age, the most common age groups found were 44- 49 years. Based on gender, the gender predilection was towards females. The total number of patients who were diagnosed was greater than the number of patients who underwent treatment ( 51.2%) Conclusion: Within the limits of the study, the maxillary complete dentures are the most prevalent in the female gender of the age group 44-49 years of age. The number of patients treated were less compared to the number of patients diagnosed with partial edentulous maxilla.

Denture Stomatitis( DS) is one of the common denture related complications in patients wearing dentures after years of denture use. There have been various studies on its prevalence despite the fact that its exact etiology is still unknown. Removable dentures have served as an important prosthesis in dentistry, whereby it helps in regaining the phonetics and masticatory functions as well as esthetics in edentulous patients. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors that can cause denture stomatitis in denture wearers. This study was designed as a retrospective clinical study. All the patients with removable dentures (Complete dentures , Removable Partial dentures , Cast partial denture ) were taken into account and the data was retrieved. The data was analysed and results were recorded.Out of the 1415 subjects wearing dentures (complete or partial ) , 80 were found to have denture stomatitis in which 57.4% were women and 42.6% were men. The majority of the DS patients were in the age group range of 51-80 years. Temporary partial dentures (50%) were the most prevalent type of prosthesis in patients with denture stomatitis. When the medical history was reviewed most of the patients did not have any underlying systemic diseases(61.1%) did not have any medical condition, (18.5%) were diabetic, (11.1 %) were hypertensive. When all the diabetic patients(2577) were evaluated , 9.32% had denture stomatitis .In the study, it was observed that denture stomatitis was prevalent in elderly patients with slight female predilection. Diabetes was the most prevalent systemic illness associated with denture stomatitis

Menopause is associated with many systemic and oral changes. Many researchers have tried to evaluate the influence of hormonal changes associated with menopause in the periodontium. The aim of this study isto evaluate the furcation sites in postmenopausal women with chronic periodontitis. It is a single centered retrospective study. A total of 215 case records that met the inclusion criteria and were selected for the study. Patient records were collected and evaluated. The data analysis was done using SPSS software.Within the limits of the study, grade II furcations are more common compared to grade I, III and
IV. Furcations are most commonly seen in 16,26,37,46 as compared to other molars. In relation to 46, grade II furcation was more common in the age group of 50-60 years, p value = 0.014 ﹤0.05 which was statistically significant. In relation to 47, Grade II furcation was more common in 50-55 years of age, p
value =0.031﹤0.05, which is statistically significant. Post menopausal women are more prone to poor periodontal health status. There is a need to create awareness about periodontal health and the associated problems in postmenopausal women.