European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Aim: Estimate the overall frequencies of positive perception towards orthodontic treatment among medical and general population. Objective: To compare the percentage of interest in orthodontic treatment between medical and non-medical professional and according to age. Material and method: 60 medical and 60 non-medical professional participated in the study. Questionnaire was given to them and necessary data was tabulated. The medical and non-medical professionals’ perception towards orthodontic treatment was recorded. Statistical analysis: chi-square test and fischer’s exact test. Result: The overall rate of positive response towards orthodontic treatment of medical group was 75% while 51.7% was found for non-medical group. According to age younger group i.e 20s and 30s showed better perception towards orthodontics treatment than the middle-aged group. conclusion:  study concludes that awareness is still required for both the medical and non-medical professional for orthodontic treatment and middle-age population has to be taken in consideration when it comes to awareness for orthodontic treatment.

Mental disorders are leading contributor to the global disease burden. The global lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in adults is estimated to be between 12·2%-48·6%. To decrease the global public burden, electroconvulsive therapy is the treatment of choice. A descriptive study  on  “A study to assess the perception and anxiety level among the family members of the patients undergoing electro convulsive therapy in a selected hospital of Berhampur, Ganjam, Odisha”. was conducted among 80 family members of the patients undergoing ECT at the psychiatric indoor of M.K.C.G, M.C.H, Berhampur. A descriptive survey research design with survey approach was adopted. The objectives were to assess the perception and anxiety level of family members, to find out the association between perception and anxiety level with their selected demographic variables, to find out the correlation between perception with anxiety level of the family members. The samples were selected by using convenience sampling techniques. The data were collected through self-structured rating scales from 04.06.2018- 17.06.2018. The association of perception and anxiety level with their selected demographic variables were tested by using chi-square test. The reliability was tested by computing inter-rater method (r=0.99, 0.98). The collected data were analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Study finding revealed that, percentages wise distribution of family members of the patient undergoing ECT was 86.25%, 13.75% respectively and none of them ids having negative perception. According to anxiety scale, highest percentages (48.75%) of family members were having moderate anxiety level where as 46.25% of family members were having mild anxiety level and only 5% of family members were having severe anxiety level towards ECT.
There was no statistical significant  association exist between the perception level with their selected demographic variables like age, gender, relationship with patient, educational status, occupation, family type, residence, previous source of information, per-capita income and previously attended number of ECT. The association between anxiety level with the selected demographic variables of family members shows that, there was no statistical significant  association exists between the anxiety level with their selected demographic variables like age, gender, relationship with patient, educational status, occupation, family type, residence, previous source of information and previously attended number of ECT. And a highly statistical significant association exists between the anxiety level with per-capita income of the family at the 0.05 level of significance.
As per the result of the study, there was moderately negative correlation exists between the perception and anxiety level of the family members of the patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy at 0.05 level of significance

Introduction: The habit of alcohol consumption and alcoholism is known to adversely affect the health and well being of the people especially that of women but stillthe trends of its consumption is on rise even in India. Women in rural areas are exposed to limited source of knowledge regarding the ill effects of alcohol consumption

The main aim of this study is to study on customers’ perception towards online banking services in Vilavan code Taluk. In this study, in order to analyses the level of satisfaction and analyses the problems of online banking customers in Vilavan code Taluk. This research was undertaken on the basis of data collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data was gathered from the 100 respondents who are using online banking services of private and public sector banks with the help of questionnaires. The respondent selected through the convenient sampling method. The analysis was carried out with the help of statistical measurements Chi-square and Likerts attitude test. The secondary data were collected from the websites, journals, Books, and Newspapers etc.. This study reveals that most of respondents were overall satisfaction with their online banking service. After the study concluded that, the online banking service meet success and when the customers satisfied with the online banking service except network problem.

Background: ECE is one form of vertical integration between basic science and clinical subjects. Thus this study is an effort to explore the use of ECE as an effective teaching learning tool, toward better learning as vertical integrated method over traditional teaching method through student’s perception.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during April 2022. A convenience sample of 190 first- and secondyear MBBS students, enrolled in the medical curriculum, participated in an early clinical exposure program. To collect data from medical students, a questionnaire consisting of open-ended questions and structured questions, rated on a five-point Likert scale, was used to know students’ attitudes toward early clinical exposure.
Results: Of the 190 medical students, 160 completed the questionnaire. The results demonstrated that medical students had a positive attitude toward early clinical exposure. Most students (84.1%) stated that early clinical exposure could familiarize them with the role of basic sciences knowledge in medicine and how to apply this knowledge in clinical settings. Moreover, 67.4 of them believed that early clinical exposure increased their interest in medicine and encouraged them to read more. Furthermore, content analysis of the students’ responses uncovered three main themes of early clinical exposure, were considered helpful to improve learning: “integration of theory and practice”, “interaction with others and professional development” and “desire and motivation for learning medicine”.
Conclusion: Majority of students felt that early clinical exposure is a very good teaching learning tool, The present design involving a introduction of variety of dimensions of medical profession like scientific, ethical, interpersonal, professional and social to the new entrants in addition to enhancing their motivation to learn. A well designed ECE program could be the ideal first step in the making of a holistic doctor.

Aspiration of gastric content during anesthesia and its life-threatening consequences in form of aspiration pneumonia and respiratory failure is a rare but still catastrophic complication of anesthesia. Keeping patients’ nil per oral (NPO) from midnight has been followed as a standard practice worldwide for a long time.Various anesthesia society has modified their fastingrecommendations time by time but still, traditional midnight NPO practice is followed in many non-institutional hospitals in India. The present study was conducted to assess that does clear liquid intake up to 2 hr. before surgery improves perioperative patient comfort and is it safe to practice in elective surgeries.
Methodology: A observational prospective study was conducted among patients who were posted for elective surgeries under general anesthesia. Patients who were having a higher risk of aspiration including obesity, pregnancy, emergency surgeries, diabetes, difficult airways, and were not willing to participate in the study were excluded from the study. The patients were divided into 2 groups (Group1- that followed the instruction of taking clear liquids up to 2 hrs prior to surgery and group 2- not followed the instruction and followed traditional fasting).
Data collection and analysis: Patients were assessed with a questionnaire, which included perception of thirst, hunger, anxiety, and weakness as a measure of subjective comfort. The proportion was calculated for categorical variables and mean and Standard deviation were calculated for continuous variables. T-test for continuous variables and Chi-square test for categorical variables were used to compare the data between the two groups. The level of significance was kept at 0.05 level.
Results: Perioperative comparison of both the groups showed no statistically significant difference in Mean FBS, Events of aspiration, post-op pain, PONV, pre-op hunger, and pre-op weakness between the two groups.Statistically, a significant difference was found in satisfaction level, pre-op thirst, and pre-op anxiety levels in both groups.
Conclusion: Liberal preoperative fasting in form of allowing clear liquid up to 2 hr. before surgery is safe to practice.

Child abuse is a public matter to which the Malaysian society is not well known about the issues and consequences resulting implications to the human developmental. Though many abused children were presented with physical injuries which intervened in the emergency departments, occupational therapy also play roles in working with parents about parenting techniques and intervening childhood development. Due to this essential role to be played for the abused population, this study is conducted to examine occupational therapist perception on child abuse in Malaysia and their attitudes in reporting child abuse cases. This cross-sectional study enrolled 101 Malaysian occupational therapists in an anonymous online survey. Data collection utilized a self-report questionnaire, Professional Perceptions of Child Abuse and Neglect Survey. Approximately 60% of Malaysian occupational therapists had perceived actions and behaviours exhibited from a physical harm as an abuse due to an obvious cause of injury such as physical impact to the child. However,around 40% of Malaysian occupational therapists who participated in this study had difficulty in categorising their attitudes towards the types of child abuse especially on emotional abuse and neglect.In general, most of the Malaysian occupational therapists in this study agreed on reporting cases of child abuse that basically focused more on physical and sexual abuse towards the child. It is noted that the emotional and neglect cases of abuses received lesser attention than the physical and sexual abuse. In conclusion, this study suggested that occupational therapists in Malaysia need to address the issues of child abuse and need to facilitate more effective interventions against all types of abuses.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Alcohol is the number one toxic substance consumed by people of all age groups, which makes its use a public health problem. The overall trend shows that university students are those who suffer the most pressure. Aims-The aim was to find out perception of alcohol intake regarding global positive transformation among medical students. Objective - assess the perception of alcohol intake regarding global positive transformation among medical students. To explore the alcohol related habits among medical students. Materials and Method-A work site cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted amongst 300 medical students at selected medical colleges of Pune City.Data was collected by screening questionnaire related to alcoholIntake. Result:In this study demographical data showed that majority of the student 152(50.6) from the age group of 18-21 years. Majority of students 208(69.33) are male.Related to the screening questionnaire of alcohol Intake among medical Students data showed majority of the students 185(61.66%) students’ parents does not drink alcohol, 185(61.66%) students doesn’t drink alcohol, 253(84.33%) students friend’s drink alcohol, 185(61.66%) of students not applicable for 1st Drink, for the circumstances of drunk alcohol or May drunk alcohol 115(38.33%) of students said for Enjoy Partying, For the spending on alcohol per month in that 185(61.66%) Not applicable, 185(61.66%) are not applicable for control their interest on drinking alcohol and 185(61.66%) says never drink alcohol.In that majority 52.86% medical students are showing Alcohol is a powerful agent that makes global positive transformation. Mean responses are 158.6 for true and 141.4% are for false responses. Which interpret that alcohol drinking make you positive at global transformation.
Conclusion: The present study conclude that medical students are showing Alcohol is a powerful agent that makes global positive transformation.

The use of technology is believed to be a solution in overcoming the existing issues, including health issues. In health sector, an electronic documentation system referred to as the Electronic Health Record (EHR) has been introduced and started to be used widely in various countries, including Indonesia. In Indonesia, an innovation of EHR was introduced in 2018 under the name of nursBOX application. This study aimed to describe the perception of nurses towards the use of this application. This was a descriptive quantitative study using electronic survey data collection technique. A google form containing a questionnaire adapted from Galimany-Masclan et al. was sent via email to 322 respondents who were nursBOX users in Bandung District and City, who were obtained through the accidental sampling technique. This questionnaire consisted of 23 statements with a Likert scale. Data collected were then analyzed using the media value with 1 as the minimum value and 5 as the maximum value for each item. Interpretation was then made to classify the answers as positive or negative. Of the 322 respondents, 52 filled out the questionnaire with 53.8% of them expressed a positive perception towards the use of nurseBOX. This positive perception was found in continuity of care (53.8%), usability (50.0%), and record of information (53.8%) domains. Hence, the general perception of nurses towards the use of nursBOX application is positive. However, a review on this innovation should be done because the difference between the positive and negative perceptions is only 7.6%, which is quite insignificant. acting as the point-of-entry for any given scientific paper or patent application.

From years to years, the smoking behavior of teenagers in Indonesia seems to keep increasing. There are also various types of cigarette being consumed, the most popular of which are, beside conventional cigarettes, electronic cigarettes. This research aims at expounding the perception of conventional and electronic cigarettes on teenage students in on Sumedang Regency, West Java, Indonesia. The research method is quantitative-descriptive, involving 365 students using stratified cluster sampling. The research result shows that most teenagers have a high positive perception on the impact of conventional cigarettes (65.2%) and electronic cigarettes (59.8%). The tendency of respondents who have a high perception on the impact of conventional and electronic cigarettes are in grade X (tenth), are female, have a daily allowance, and are not smokers, both of conventional and electronic cigarettes.

Religious tourists are making visit to temples and holy places for worships and doing meditation and performing religious functions and also they understand features and specialty of those places, attracting by various attributes and enjoying different atmospheres particularly in holy places. The results show that the religious tourists are agreed with holy places are providing divine feeling, giving good cultural experience, offering mental freshness, giving peacefulness and happiness, well connected with transport facilities and giving spiritual experience. Significant difference amid perception of religious tourists towards attributes of holy places and their demographics. Perception towards attributes of holy places is positively, significantly and highly related with their revisiting intention. Thus, holy places should give adequate information and they must offer emotional refreshment. Holy places should provide adequate security and they must give best accommodation to religious tourists.

Mutual Funds is a key investment avenue for retail investors. The present study tried to identify different factors influencing the investor’s perception while investing in Mutual funds. The study will assist the Asset management companies to develop new and innovative mutual funds/schemes according to the requirements of investors. The present study identified few factors influencing perception of retail investors in mutual funds/scheme selection. The retail investors are always unique and are an extremely heterogeneous group. Hence, investor’s mutual fund/scheme selection also chiefly differs. For this, the fund houses need to understand the selection behaviour of the investors to develop useful funds/schemes which meets the changing financial requirements of the retail investors. The data was collected data from 450 mutual fund investors through a structured questionnaire to identify the investors’ expectations and their preferences and the factors that influence the selection of mutual funds/ schemes in North Costal Andhra Pradesh

Background: The main physical appearance that can be seen from the face is inseparable from the appearance of the teeth and mouth. The teenagers realize that the first impression is greatly influenced by appearance. Purpose: Determine the relationship between the perception of young adults using fixed orthodontic appliance and interest towards of malocclusion treatment inclass of 2019 undergraduate students of Faculty of Dental Medicine Universitas Airlangga Surabaya. Methods: This research was an analytic cross-sectional study design and the sampling technique used purposive sampling. The amount of sample which met the inclusion and exclusion criteria was 87 students. Data collected by giving questionnaires to 87 students. Cross-tabulation between perception and interests showed that the most interests of the respondent were seen in the moderate category in the perception of both functional and aesthetic aspects. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test with α = 0,05. Results: The relationship between the perception of late adolescence using fixed orthodontic appliance and interest towards of malocclusion treatment did not show a significant result with p = 0,351. Conclusions: There is no relationship between the perception of young adults using fixed orthodontic appliance and interest towards ofmalocclusion treatment in class of 2019 undergraduate students of Faculty of Dental Medicine Universitas Airlangga Surabaya

Traditional face-to-face learning and online learning have become a debate for decades, which is more effective and has a significant impact on students' learning. The pandemic of COVID-19 has forced students to change their study mode from traditional face-to-face learning to online learning. This study has conducted a study to identify which ways are more effective, the traditional face-to-face learning or online learning using a quantitative method of online survey questionnaires. This study intends to fill this void in the literature and explore students’ perceptions of online learning versus traditional face-to-face learning. This study used target respondents of 148 public and private university students in Malaysia. According to the results, most of the respondents preferred traditional face-to-face learning is more effective than online learning because of some problems they encountered while doing online learning, such as lack of course instructions and unreliable university internet connection.

Background: Unsafe abortion is a major public health problem in developing countries where women make several attempts to terminate unintended pregnancy before turning to health services and that constitute important cause of maternal mortality and morbidity. To prevent it, effective fertility control drugs like emergency contraceptive pills (ECP) are used. Objective: To study the perception of emergency contraceptive pills among married women in Mappedu, TamilNadu. Methodology:A cross sectional study was conducted among 62 married women in reproductive age of Mappedu for study duration of 3 months.The study population was selected by simple random sampling technique. Data was collected using pretested structured questionnaire and interviewing about the perception of Emergency contraceptive pillsResults:The average age of women in the study population was 30.5 years. 84% were literate with education status of Primary education and more.Majority of study population were homemakers. About 8% have heard about ECP and source of information was mainly through education. However, where an ECP can be bought, how it acts to prevent fertilisation,how long after unprotected sex it can be used is not known by any.No one among study population used ECP. Conclusion: The awareness of ECP among study population is poor and there is a need to popularize ECP to avoid unwanted pregnancy and abortion with help of media, education, health care providers.

According to Coronavirus disease Situation Report– 161 published by World Health Organization on 29 June 2020, globally 10 million cases and 500000 deaths and in Sri Lanka 2037 cases and 11deaths of COVID-19 had been reported . A poor understanding of the disease among Preventive Health care Employees might result in delayed treatment and rapid spread of the infection. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge and perceptions of Preventive health care Employees about COVID-19.A cross-sectional, study was conducted during June and July 2020, midst of COVID-19 outbreak in the country. A self-administered questionnaire with 25 survey item was used. A chi-square test was applied to investigate the level of association among variables, with significance set to P<.05. Out of 230 participants, 200 employees completed the survey and response rate was 86.95%.Among participants 71.5% (n=143) were female, 38.5% (n=77) were aged 40-49 years, and most of employees were Public Health Midwife (n=141, 370.5%) and least were Medical Officers of Health (n=11, 6%). Most participants (n=103, 51.3%) used Government web site to obtain information on COVID-19. A significant proportion of participants had poor knowledge on incubation period (n=41.20.5%) and more (n=187,93.5%)on complication of the disease. All the participants perceived very well about importance of taking travel history and category of waste related to patients (n=200,100%) and poorly (n=76,36%) perceived about the indication of personal protective equipment. Generally participant had moderate amount of knowledge (>57.62%) and positive perception (>69.01%) and Medical officers and Public Health Inspectors scored more than Public Health Midwife. As the global threat of COVID-19 continues to emerge, it was critical to improve the knowledge and perceptions of Preventive Health care Employees .Health ministry should provide a comprehensive and tailored educational and training programme, targeting all staff specially PHM , to promote preventive measures of COVID-19, to achieve equilibrium in terms of knowledge on COVID-19.

Education is the fore most marker of the development of any country with respect to its social structure and relationships, cultural developments, and economic intensification. A strong society with cultural richness and economic affluence is possible through education. Education is helping the community to come out of its monetary desolation and making sure the employability of human resources in the society. The role of higher education in making easy the comprehensive advance of province is greatly respected by the nations across the globe. Management Studiesis a division of acquaintance which is an inimitable blend of conceptual framework and practice and acknowledged as a professional course. This study intended to study the latest sense in management education to become students’ first choice. The study also intended at exploring the diverse influences distressing the option of MBA. The main objective is to make out the intensity of the issues such as strategic management, career development, and external influence activities throw into the students’ selection. This study was conducted to explore student’s perceptions regarding different factors that play an imperative role in the selection of an MBA. The outcomes of the study exposed that factors such as career opportunities, strategic development, and external persuades are being associated with the process of assortment of MBA by the learners

Agricultural extension is generally understood as an activity to disseminate agricultural information and guide farming. The role of extension worker as agents of reform is very important for community empowerment activities, especially for farmers, either individually or who are members of farmer groups / Gapoktan. The roles of extension workers include being a facilitator, motivator, mediator, educator and as a supporter of farming activities . This research aims to analyze the effect of rice farmers' perceptions on the role of agricultural extension agents and their impact on the attitudes, feelings and behavior of rice farmers. in following up on the results of counseling . The research method used a quantitative method approach with the number of respondents 218 rice farmers who were taken by simple random sampling analyzed using SEM at α = 0.05. The results showed that perceptions did not have a significant direct effect on farmer behavior in following up extension activities. However, perception has a significant effect on attitudes that have an influence on behavior. In addition, perception also affects feelings, but feelings do not show a significant effect on behavior. P Felling trees trimming logs rice has a pretty good perception of the role of agricultural extension as a facilitator, educator, mediato r and motivator .
To enhance the role of agricultural extension worker, the extension must master the material and their counseling practice, so there should be training or training in accordance with the needs of extension. Prior to the training, it is necessary to conduct research on what extension agents have not mastered.

Introduction: The coverage of family planning in Indonesia has yet been evenly distributed. The government, the private sector, and the community, including health cadres, have an important role to succeed the family planning program. Through cadres, family planning promotion can reach a wider community.
Aims: This study aims to explain the relationship between cadre perceptions and their behavior in promoting family planning based on the Health Promotion Model (HPM).
Method: The research design used was correlational with a cross-sectional approach. Participants were 200 cadres from the community health centers obtained by cluster sampling techniques. Participants filled the perception questionnaires and the data was analyzed using Spearman's rho test (α=0.05).
Results: The analysis showed that there were correlations between perceived benefits (r = 0.490), perceived barriers (r = 0.148), perceived self-efficacy (r = 0.420), activity-related effects (r = 0.165), and situational influence (r = 0.481) with cadres’ behavior in promoting family planning at the community health centers (p<α<0.05).
Conclusions: Positive perceived benefits of action, perceived barriers to action, perceived self-efficacy, activity-related effects, and high situational influence will increase the cadres’ good behavior in promoting family planning to the community. Cadres should enhance their knowledge and ability as well as foster their intention and enthusiasm to support family planning to the community.

This article propagates the guests feedback on tourism experience based on the three major quality factors: service, facility, and location. We employ a descriptive quantitative survey and utilize five dimensions of SERVQUAL to determine guests expectation and perception from lodging experience offered by the chalet and resort entrepreneurs along the beach coast of Pengkalan Balak, Malacca, Malaysia. A total of 152 tourists who stay at five selected chalets and resorts are selected using a random sampling technique for the sample of the study. The results of the analysis indicate that the guest expectation on the service quality, the facility, and the environment is higher compared to guest actual experience during their stay in the designated premises. It is evident that the customer satisfaction level is low and the lodging providers are advised to take proactive measures in ensuring the quality of the service, the facility and the convenience of the location are at the global standard. It is important to note that the findings do not generalize to other lodging facilities, for example, hotel and homestay services. The findings from this study projects and assists chalet and resort entrepreneurs to advocate salient improvement for quality standards which ultimately flourish customer satisfaction level and discern best strategies in promoting the beach coast of Pengkalan Balak to be one of the best coastlines and finest chosen tourism destination in Malaysia.

Background: Terminal disease causes pain that is unbearable by the patient. Euthanasia is an act of someone ending his life in order to relieve the pain he is suffering. Euthanasia is still prohibited in Indonesia. Education on ethical and basic knowledge between junior high schools located on the banks of the Martapura river may have differences due to local traditions regarding euthanasia, therefore research is needed to see differences in knowledge, attitudes and perceptions about euthanasia among SMPN 1 Astambul and SMPN 1 Karang Intan students. Methods: The research design used analytic observational with cross sectional method. The sample consisted of 100 students, the data were analyzed using the chi-square test with a 95% degree of confidence. Result: The results showed that the level of students' knowledge about euthanasia was still lacking, the majority of attitudes and perceptions about euthanasia were negative. Conclusion: There were no significant differences in knowledge, attitudes, perception regarding euthanasia based on their origin school. There were a significant differences in knowledge and attitudes based on parental education and occupation.

In the present research paper, an attempt has been made to explore the perception of pupil teachers, who studied in government; grant-in-aid; and self-financed college of education of Jalandhar City in Punjab, towards context of two-year B. Ed. programme. The method used to conduct the study was descriptive in nature. A total of 173 pupil teachers were drawn from one government (63), one grant-in-aid (57) and one self-financed (53) colleges of education situated in Jalandhar City of Punjab through convenience sampling technique. A self prepared scale measuring perception of pupil teachers towards context of two-year B. Ed. programme was used by the investigator to collect the responses of the selected sample. Percentage and one-way ANOVA were used for the analysis of collected data. Results of the study concluded that ninety percent of pupil teachers of selected sample perceived positively the context of two-year B. Ed. programme; most of the pupil teachers studied in government, grant-in-aid and self-financed colleges of education perceived positively the context of two-year B. Ed. programme; and type of institution has a significant contribution on the perception of pupil teachers towards the context of two-year B. Ed. programme.

The objective of this paper is to assess the level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS among Interns of a Dental and Medical College. The data is collected through structured questionnaire by cross sectional study method with the sample size of 246. The model is tested on a context of Interns of dental and medical students for the first time. The present study has used a reflective measurement model. Due to the model complexity, the use of Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modelling approach is found to be appropriate for the purpose of analysis of constructs and their corresponding data. The structural model has proved that the path coefficient value and empirical t values of exogenous latent variables on endogenous latent variable are above that threshold value in relationship between knowledge and trust as well as perception and trust except attitude and trust. The testing of hypothesis confirms the strong relationship between knowledge and trust as well as perception and trust. Based on the results of Importance Performance Matrix Analysis results corporate need focus on changing the perception of interns primarily. Hence,medical college must aim at increasing the performance of the target construct trust so their first priority should be to improve the performance aspects captured by the construct perception performance by improving its total effects as this construct has high chance to improve its total effect which in turn improves its performance.

In the present research paper, an attempt has been made to explore the perception of pupil teachers, who studied in education colleges of Himachal, Haryana and Punjab, towards context of two-year B. Ed. programme. Descriptive survey method was used to conduct the study. A sample of 1436 pupil teachers was drawn from government, grant-in-aid and self-financed colleges of education from Himachal, Haryana and Punjab State of India through convenience sampling technique. A self prepared scale measuring perception of pupil teachers towards context of two-year B. Ed. programme was used by the investigator to collect the responses of the selected sample. Percentage and one-way ANOVA were used for the analysis of collected data. Results of the study concluded that majority of pupil teachers perceived positively the context of two-year B. Ed. programme; and majority of pupil teachers of government, grant-in-aid and self-financed colleges of education as well as Himachal, Haryana and Punjab have positive perception towards context of two year B. Ed. programme; type of institution has a significant influence on the perception of pupil teachers whereas state did not play a significant role in making the perception of pupil teachers towards the context of two-year B. Ed. programme.

COVID -19 is an infectious disease caused by the newly discovered coronavirus. As there is no vaccine discovered, the only way to prevent the spread is through following the practice of social isolation.
Objectives:Prolonged isolation may also lead to psychological stress and problems. Hence the scenario is to measure the level of awareness among the people about psychiatric problems created due to prolonged social isolation.The aim of the survey is to measure the level of awareness among the participants on the psychological stress created due to social isolation through the imposed lockdown.
Materials And Methods: A questionnaire was prepared and administered to a hundred participants through google form an online platform. The study participants included people belonging to the general population of Tamilnadu. The answers obtained from the participants are recorded and analysed and the answers given by each participant to each question were represented in the form of flow charts.
Results: Around 70% of people said that social isolation affects mental health and 72% of people said that social isolation creates stress. 60% of people were aware that prolonged social isolation can create psychiatric problems.
Conclusion: The level of awareness among the participants is moderate and hence a complete awareness on social isolation and its consequences must be created among the study population.

Background: Medicine is universally known as a practically oriented subject. This study puts in an effort to find the student’s and faculty’s perceptions of online learning. This is a very important study because we know the MBBS course is very much practically oriented and what impact does the online classes will be able to put is the question.
Aims and Objectives: To study the student’s and faculty’s perceptions of online learning.
Materials and Methods: This study was done in Kanachur Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalore. The study was done from May 2017 to Nov 2018. A set of validated questionnaire was given to the students and teachers. 120 students MBBS phase 1 students were requested to participate in this study after taking written consent. All staff who were involved in the teaching of these students (n=30) were also asked to fill in a questionnaire to understand their perceptions.
Results: There is a significant difference between the teachers and the student’s perception scores.
Conclusion: The results of the present study show that online teaching can effectively supplement regular offline teaching