European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Recently, homeopathy, the most popular system of therapy, is recognized as one of the components of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) across the world. It is widely used as palliative and as supportive therapy in cancer patients. Limited studies were reported on patients using homeopathy after surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, generally for overcoming side effects. Therefore, homeopathic treatment is considered as an add-on to conventional therapy, with almost no interaction with the conventional drugs due to the small dose, and improves lives by providing symptomatic relief, increasing survival time and boosting patient immunity. The present review was conducted to highlight the homeopathic studies conducted on Palliative Care and Comprehensive Therapy in Terminally Ill Cancer Patients

People who have been diagnosed with cancer have a significantly increased risk of suffering from depression and anxiety.The purpose of this research was to evaluate the levels of depression and anxiety that was found in cancer patients.
Material and Methods: Patients who had just been diagnosed with breast, colorectal, stomach, oesophageal, lung, or thyroid cancer and were planned for surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or combination therapy were evaluated as part of the study from the years 2020 to 2023. Ethical clearance was obtained and informed consent was obtained for initiation of study. Patients who have a previous diagnosis of a psychological condition were not allowed to participate in the trial. The size of the sample was determined to be 150 cases (based on an estimation of 30 percent anxiety or depression in cancer patients with a significance level of 0.05 and a standard deviation value of 0.20).
Results: During the course of the study, there were a total of 150 participants who had recently been diagnosed with breast, colorectal, stomach, oesophageal, lung, or thyroid cancer. Eighty-one (54%) patients had no clinical symptoms of anxiety, 44 (29.3%) mild anxiety, 25 (16.7%) with symptomatic anxiety and these rates were seen in 78 (52%), 40 (26.7%), 32 (21.3%) for depression, respectively.
Conclusion: Those suffering from cancers of the breast and stomach had the highest prevalence of anxiety and depression compared to patients suffering from other types of cancer.

The PI3K/Akt pathway, which is abnormally activated in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) malignancies and essential for many cellular functions, promotes the growth and development of tumours. It may be possible to fully understand the role of this pathway by looking at its upstream and downstream nodes. The development of new cancer drugs may benefit from techniques that target the pathway's primary constituents in light of mounting evidence.
Therefore, approaches combining pathway inhibitors and additional cancer therapies may be able to address the therapeutic conundrum. In this review, we cover the functions of the PI3K/Akt pathway in different cancer phenotypes, a status report on several PI3K/Akt inhibitors, and an introduction to combination therapies that combine signalling inhibitors with traditional cancer treatments. The evidence presented here demonstrates that the most successful approach to treating cancer involves cascade inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, either alone or in conjunction with other medicines.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinico-pathological profile of colorectal cancer patients in our tertiary care hospital.
Material and methods: This prospective as well as retrospective study was conducted in Gastroenterology division of Department of General Medicine at Ananta Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Center, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. Total 174 patients presenting with colorectal cancer (CRC) from August 2019 to July 2022 were included in the study. Study tools were Study-questionnaire, investigations [routine blood tests, CEA, Colonoscopy, USG, CECT and MRI] and histopathological reports. Parameters studied were age, sex, site of lesion, clinical presentations and histopathology of the lesion.
Results: We observed that overall proliferative type was the most common type of tumor in our patients (n=75; 43.10%) with p value of <0.0001, followed by infiltrative (n=59; 33.91%), ulcerative (n=36; 20.69%) and ulcero-infiltrative (n=4; 2.29%). History of colorectal cancer in family was present in 45 (25.86%) of patients; with statistically significant p value of <0.0001. Out of 174 patients, 81 (46.55%) were smokers (p value 0.544). The most common clinical presentation of the patients in our study was change in bowel habits (n=136; 78.16%) followed by bleeding per rectum (PR) (n=117; 67.24%), abdominal pain (n=102; 58.20%) and generalized weakness (n=78; 44.83%). Most common site of involvement was rectum (n=78; 44.83%) followed by right colon (ascending colon and ceacum) (n=5531;61%), descending colon (n=18; 10.34%), sigmoid (n=16; 9.19%) and transverse colon (n=7;(4.02%). Together rectosigmoid comprise about 54.02% of total CRC. In our study we found elevated preoperative CEA levels (≥ 5.1 ng/ ml) in 80 (45.98%) patients, not elevated (≤ 5.0 ng/ml) in 36(20.69%) patients and not taken/unknown in 58 (33.33%) patients.
Conclusion: The incidence of CRC is increasing in younger age group and younger patients present at advanced stage. Lack of awareness about CRC in general population and lack of screening programs are responsible for advanced stage of CRC at presentation. Public awareness through mass-media, screening of high-risk populations, early diagnosis, cost-effective multi-modality treatment and regular follow-up is the call of the time for limiting the morbidity and mortality associated with colorectal cancer.

In an information-intensive culture, computer technology has begun to reach other conventionally realizable sectors. Alongside this trend, several high-tech machines have emerged. Concurrently, a variety of high-tech devices have emerged in the traditional medical area in order to aid physicians in the treatment process. The introduction of sophisticated picture recognition technology has decreased a significant amount of the doctor's effort required to evaluate the tiny sick cells within the human body. The modernization, rationalization, and intelligence of the design and production of illness detection equipment utilizing image extraction technologies are increasing. In the medical industry, feature-based image recognition technology disease diagnosis equipment analyses and diagnoses pathology using picture collecting. From 2018 to 2022, the current study examines several image extraction algorithms applied to the identification of canine illnesses. Using classification, researchers have reached a high level of sensitivity and specificity in medical picture analysis. This evaluation not only identifies obstacles, but also identifies and presents fresh research prospects for this field's scholars

Background: Cancer has become highly prevalent in developing countries, and Africa is not far from it. The treatment of these cancers increases the risk of infertility in women. This review aims to understand the effects of different types of cancer treatments on the fertility in women.
Method: PRISMA guidelines were followed for scrutinizing the articles. Original research articles were searched and obtained from online databases including Pub Med, Pub Med Central, Springer, Nature, Web of Sciences, Semantic Scholar, Medline, Science Direct, Directory of Open Access Journals, Google Scholar, Research Gate, EMBASE, National Center for Biotechnological Information etc. After removing irrelevant, duplicated, and less correlated articles from the total of 1671 obtained articles, 19 studies were included in the systematic analysis.
Results: Among The 19 Studies Included, 14 Were Retrospective. Based On The Systematic Analysis Performed, Overall Fertility Deficits Were Observed In Female Survivors Of Cancers. Sex, Age At Diagnosis, Pre-Diagnosis Parenthood, And Diagnostic Period All Had An Effect On Fertility After Cancer Treatment. Treatment with alkylating agents, second line therapy, and age>35 years also influence the chances of pregnancy. Pre-term delivery was also found to be linked to cancer-related therapy. The probability of having a first live birth among cancer survivors was low. The site of cancer and age at the onset of cancer were independent predictors of a reduced probability of giving birth after diagnosis. Pelvic radiation was found to be more damaging than abdominal or supradiaphragmatic radiation.
Conclusion: The present review suggests that future measures should be taken to include an assessment of women’s desire for future fertility and also provide fertility preservation options. Fertility preservation strategies for cancer-affected women in their reproductive years. Long-term fertility data on cancer survivors in South Africa are needed. Counseling tools and guidelines for referral to onco-fertility specialists should be developed for newly diagnosed young patients.

The ensuing driving force behind death from breast cancer in women is legitimacy. It occurs when cells in the breast become confined and attack the supporting tissue or spread throughout the body. Mammography is a truly unprecedented and remarkable modality used to distinguish and find breast cancer in a short time frame.
Mammography is a two-stage picture and depends on the unambiguous confirmation of dangerous morphological deviations for breast cancer. These manifestations combine areas of mass, all calcification, gap and required curvature. A standard screening mammogram combines the mean diagonal and craniocaudal approach on each breast. Screening tests are facilitated only to find unsafe disclosures after which the woman will return for a more conclusive method. Positive mammographic approaches can likewise incorporate spot pressure, enlargement, rolling, extended view, and upright view to delineate and bind features.

Background:Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related
death worldwide. The present study was conducted to assess usefulness of AFP as a tumor
marker in cases of HCC.
Materials & Methods:72 hepatocellular carcinoma patients of both genders were enrolled. 5
ml of venous blood was taken and level of AFP was measured.
Results: Out of 72, males were 42 and females were 30. There were 30 HBV, 12 HCV, 10
HBV and HCV positive, 7 HBV and HCV negative, 5 AFB1 positive and 8 HBV and AFB1
positive. AFP positivity was seen in 18, 3, 8, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The mean AFP titre
level (ng/ml) was 504.2, 482.6, 572.4, 461.2, 476.2 and 224.7 respectively. The difference
was significant (P< 0.05).

Background:The discovery of early ovarian cancer indicators is critical for improving the patient diagnosis, therapy effectiveness, and prognosis of the ovarian tumors
Objective: To study the role of preoperative red cell distribution width (RDW), mean platelet volume (MPV), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and CA125 in the differential diagnosis of epithelial ovarian tumors
Methods:We carried out a cross-sectional study in 90 patients diagnosed withthe ovarian pathology. They were assessed clinically and later admitted. Routine investigations along with cancer biomarkers like CA 125, RDW, MPV, and NLR were tested. Patients were posted for Laparotomy with hysterectomy/Ovarian cystectomy and specimen sent for histopathology. They were followed post operatively.
Results:60% of the cases were benign and 7.8% were malignant. All the benign cases were <45 years. Malignancy was slightly more in nulliparous women compared to multiparous women. Biomarkers like CA 125, MPV and NLR were significantly elevated in malignant cases compared to benign cases. All the cases having RMI <25 were benign. All the biomarkers were significantly increased in borderline and malignant cases compared to the benign cases.
Conclusion:There was significant association observed between CA125, MPV, NLR and ovarian tumours. CA125, NLR are positively correlated whereas MPV was negatively correlated. The combination of these biomarkers or at least 2 or 3 biomarkers are suggested for early stage diagnosis of pelvic mass with high sensitivity and specificity. The hematological parameters such as MPV, NLR along with CA125 are useful in the detection of the malignant ovarian tumours.

Background: The present study aimed to assess the frequency of components of Scored Patient-
Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) in locally advanced head and neck carcinoma
patients (LAHNC) treated with concomitant chemo-radiation. Materials & methods: The present study
was conducted on 60 previously untreated, histopathologically proven patients of locally advanced head
and neck carcinoma who received conventional radical external beam radiation therapy (66Gy / 33
fractions over 6.3 weeks / 2 Gy per fraction) concomitant with Inj. Cisplatin 75mg/m2, 3 weekly. The
frequency of components of the Scored Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) was
assessed at the time of presentation, at the end of treatment and three months after completion of
treatment. Results: The percentage of patients complaining of loss of appetite at the end of CCRT are
significantly (p =0.01) higher than the percentage of patients having loss of appetite before CCRT. A
decrease in throat pain at the 3rd month of follow up is significant (p = 0.008). At the end of CCRT,
significantly (p ≤ 0.001) higher patients were taking less than usual food and this food intake increased
(P≤ 0.001) in the 3rd month after completing CCRT. The number of patients with normal activities
significantly (P ≤ 0.001) decreases at the end of CCRT and then increases significantly (p = 0.028) at 3rd
month of follow up. At the end of CCRT, the percentage of patients with fairly normal activities
decreased significantly (p = 0.016). There is a significant (p =0.017) increase of patients with a moderate
deficit and there is also a significant (p=0.001) decrease of patients without deficit at the end of CCRT.
Loss of body weight ≥ 5% at the end of CCRT is significant (p = 0.001) then this ≥ 5% weight loss
significantly decreases at the 3rd month of follow up. The gain in weight at the 3rd month of follow up is
significant ( p =0.0004). Conclusion: The outcomes of this study provide a unique patient viewpoint of
using the PG-SGA valuable input for the use of assessing nutrition in the patients receiving concomitant
chemoradiation.

Cancer is a widely spreading disease all over the world and the second most leading cause of
mortality worldwide. In the broader sense cancer refers to more than 277 different types of
diseases. Scientists have identified different stages of cancers, indicating several gene
mutations which are involved in cancer pathogenesis. These gene mutations lead to abnormal
cell proliferation. Genetic disorders caused byinheritance or inheritance factors have a
pivotal role in the increase of cell growth.With the assistance of technological advances in
molecular techniques and bioinformatics extra information can be obtained which can be
useful for early diagnosis and proper treatment. In recent years, carcinogenesis mechanisms
have been detected by molecular genetic studies. Consumption of fruits, vegetables, spices,
cereals and pulses has been associated with lower incidence of cancer and other chronic
diseases, but how these dietary agents and their active ingredients minimize these diseases, is
not fully understood. Whether it is oranges, hops, water-lily, locorice, wax apple or
mulberry, they are all connected by a group of aromatic ketones, called chalcones (1,3-
diaryl-2-propen-1-ones). Chalcones are a group of polyphenolic compounds derived from
plants which belong to the flavonoids family and owna wide variety of modulatory and
cytoprotective functions. They have been linked with anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, antiinflammatory,
anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and anti-diabetic activities. Immunoblot assay
showed that chalcone decreased the expression of cyclin B1, cyclin A and Cdc 2 protein, as
well as increased the expression of p21 and p27.The current review, however, deals with the
role of various chalcones in biologically, pharmacologically, and medicinally important
entities.

Vitamin D is also known as calciferol because of its role in calcium metabolism and antirachitic factor because it prevents rickets. It is a modified steroid, synthesised in the skin under the influence of sunlight and is necessary for metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. Its RDA is 400 IU or 10 mg, it binds to the receptor of target cells and regulate through gene expression. Vitamin D undergoes hydroxylation in the liver to form 25 hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH) vitamin D]. The two main forms are vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). The main source of vitamin D in humans is in the form of vitamin D3, which is derived from synthesis in the skin via exposure of 7- dehydrocholesterol, concentrated in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum, to ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation. Vitamin D2 is obtained from the diet, and is derived from ultraviolet irradiation of ergosterol, found in fungi. Both metabolites are transported in the blood bound to vitamin D binding protein (DBP). These inactive vitamin D metabolites must undergo a two-step hydroxylation process to become biologically active. Initially, vitamin D2 and D3 undergo hydroxylation in the maternal liver, via the action of vitamin D 25-hydroxylase enzyme (CYP27A1), to form the inactive steroid precursor 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D). 25[OH]D is the major circulating and stored form of vitamin D. In this present review we have focused on need of vitamin D beyond bone.

diabetes, metabolic disorders, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases. The incidence of such diseases is growing day by day around the globe and causes various complications. The disease not only affects the quality of life but also the mortality rate with this disease is too high. Considering these factors, it is important to come up with a simple yet potential solution for reducing oxidative stress. Therefore, RV New Visions Health Care Pvt. Ltd has developed an RV forte capsule as a potential treatment for reducing oxidative stress and help to fight against cancer.
Materials and Methods: Antioxidant activity of RV forte capsule was evaluated In-vitro by using DPPH scavenging assay, H2O2 radical scavenging assay, and Reducing power assay. Further, toxicity testing in animal models and the standardization using the HPTLC method was done.
Results: The formulation RV forte capsule showed significant anti-oxidant action when compared with standard ascorbic acid. The percentage scavenging activity of RV forte capsule was found to be 14.2 - 60.05 % at 50 - 500 ug/ml by DPPH scavenging assay,17.57 – 55.27 % by hydrogen radical scavenging assay, and the reducing power was found to be increasing with increased absorbance at 50-500 ug/ml concentrations. In toxicity testing, no toxicity was found at the dose of 100mg/kg.
Conclusion: The study thus proves, RV forte capsule has significant antioxidant activity

Inflammatory cells may reach significant levels in blood in different type of cancers.Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio(NLR) and Platelet Lymphocyte Ratio(PLR) arecosteffective and universally available.So this study was planned to assesthe efficacy of NLR and PLR along with Risk of malignancy Index(RMI- II) in differentiating benign and malignant adnexal masses preoperatively

Introduction: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)s specifically of the tongue usually is seen in the senile population with a long standing tobacco habit. But recently the trend has changed to incidence of TSCC in younger adults with no risk factors. Hence we aim to conduct a systemic review and metanalyse to assess the prevalence and risk factors of tongue carcinoma in the younger group of patients. Materials and methods: We conducted the search for the data from the online sources like the “EMBASE”, “Pubmed”, “Scopus” and other sources. Only human studies were collected. Terms searched were CBCT, microtomography, permanent teeth, and root canal morphology. The data extraction and meta-analysis were based on the PRISMA guidelines. Out of the 109 articles, only 23 were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. For the assessment of the risk factors and the variables the statistical analysi s was done keeping p<0.05 as significant. Results: we observed that most of the subjects were at ages 30-50 years. The majority of reports were <40 years of age. Almost equal gender distribution was seen. No association between the habits was seen in the younger adults.

Inceptions
Toward the start of the twentieth century, the entomologist Charles W. Woodworth extended the utilization of Drosophila melanogaster as a hereditary model creature (Sturtevant, 1959). A few years after the fact, Thomas Hunt Morgan detached a fly strain bearing a transformation that changed the eye tone from red to white; in doing as such, he set up the connection between qualities, chromosomes and aggregates (Morgan, 1910). From that point, the idea of quality legacy began to appear by the commitments of Morgan's generally eminent understudies, all around licensed in science history. Alfred Henry Sturtevant proposed that qualities should be masterminded in a direct request also, assembled the principal hereditary guide (Morgan et al., 1920; Sturtevant, 1913), Calvin Bridges set up that chromosomes should be the transporters of qualities (Bridges, 1916b), and Hermann Joseph Muller shown the relationship between quality transformation rate and X-beam presentation (Muller, 1928). However, in the shadows of these unmistakable men, a lady was utilizing flies to address an alternate inquiry: do chromosomes convey the reason for malignant growth? She was an individual from Morgan's celebrated Fly Room and the lone lady that moved with him from Columbia to Caltech in 1928. Her name, Mary Bertha Distinct, may have been failed to remember, however her heritage isn't.

Bioactive peptides are chemical functional substances which are linked by covalent bond and are formed by amino acid residues. The essential requirement of food derived bioactive peptide increases day by day due its important property, for example high affinity, efficiency specificity which play vital role in human health by promoting digestive, endocrine, cardiovascular, immune system. They also known as future biological active regulators which help to reduce the chances of oxidation and microbial degradation in food stuff. The biological active substance having different considerable activities which includes antiproliferative, antioxidant, antimicrotubular, these activities are identified from the marine animal sources, specifically algae and cyanobacteria, which act as a secondary metabolite. Milk also contain rich amount of soluble and insoluble protein that is whey and casein protein. Alcalase potato protein hydrolysate (APPH) and germinated soya bean protein are bioceutical and play role in anti -obesity as well as anti-diabetes. The different presumed biological activities found in glutellin which carry at least 21 peptides with~53% of the nut storage protein. These activities are anti-hypertensives, antioxidants, immunomodulators, antimicrobial, anti-thrombotic, anti-cancer, hypocholesterolemic, anti-obesity and protease inhibitors that inhibits the cell cycle progression in cancer cells. These peptides have many advantages than the synthetic drugs. There is need to establish favourable condition to develop bioactive peptides for the human welfare in terms of treating many diseases as well as food beverages.

Cancer is one of the major concerns in health and medicine. Studies have been done by previous researches on the medicinal value of flavonoids present in Amaranthus viridis. However, limited claims were available in terms of their anti-proliferative ability against cancer cells. Flavonoid extracts were prepared by semi-purification using ethanol and ethyl acetate. Phytochemical screening using UV-Vis spectrophotometry was used to verify the presence of flavonoids. MTT cytotoxicity assay using MCF-7 breast cancer cells was employed to determine the cytotoxic effect of the plant extract. Four concentrations of the extract of A. viridis leaves were used as treatment to cultured cells. Doxorubicin and DMSO were used as the positive and negative control, respectively. An inhibition concentration (IC50) of 18.33 ug/mL of the extract was reported after the assay, indicating that the administration of the treatment caused the death of the cells as seen when the yellow dye was not reduced into a purple formazan. Statistical analysis on the IC50 of doxorubicin and the A. viridis extract showed significant relationship, which indicated that doxorubicin has a more potent cytotoxic activity, though the extract had promising effects as seen in its IC50 being less than 30 ug/mL. These results can be attributed to the presence of the flavonoid quercetin which has been found out to possess cytotoxic effects against cancer cells. With these findings, a more natural, less toxic, cost-efficient and more readily available treatment regimen can be utilized for the management of cancer.

Cyclin-structured kinase 8 (CDK8) performs a essential function in regulating transcription both via its affiliation with the Mediator complicated or via way of means of phosphorylating transcription factors. Myriads of genetic and biochemical research have establishedCDK8 as a key oncogenic driving force in lots of cancers. Specifically, CDK8- mediated activation of oncogenic Wnt-β-catenin signaling, transcription of estrogen-inducible genes, and suppression of exceptional enhancer-related genes contributes to oncogenesis in colorectal, breast, and hematological malignancies, respectively. However, at the same time as maximum studies helps the function of CDK8 as an oncogene, different paintings has raised the opportunity of its opposite function. The various organic features of CDK8 and its apparently context-precise roles in distinct forms of cancers have spurred a fantastic quantity of hobby and possibly an excellent greater quantity of controversy withinside the improvement of CDK8 inhibitors as ability most cancers healing agents. Herein, we overview the ultra-modern panorama of CDK8 biology and its involvement in carcinogenesis. We dissect contemporary efforts in coming across CDK8inhibitors and try to offer an outlook on the destiny of CDK8-focused most cancers therapies.

Cancer not only impacts patients but their caregivers too. The objective of this study was to examine the types of social support needed by cancer patient caregivers and to analyse their perception of the importance of social support based on selected demographic factors (age, gender, ethnicity education level, duration of care and income).The data were collected through a survey method, questionnaires were distributed among primary caregivers of cancer patients from the northern states of Malaysia.The findings showed that social support such as emotional, physical and spirituality necessary to help improve the well-being and quality of life of cancer patient caregivers

Cathepsins are a class of globular lysosomal proteases that are known to be responsible for protein degradation. They have many biological roles besides proteolysis, such as apoptosis wound healing angiogenesis, proenzymatic activation, bone remodeling, and resorption. The role of cathepsins in pathogenesizing systemic diseases such as cancer, bronchial asthma, atherosclerosis, neurological disorders, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis has been involved. This review emphasizes the role of cathepsins in multiple oral diseases such as periodontitis, odontogenic cysts, ameloblastoma, tumors of the salivary glands and malignant melanoma

Back ground / Purpose
Breast cancer is now the most common cancer among women in most urban areas in India and the second most common in the rural areas. The aim of the study was to examine the lived experiences of rural women with low socioeconomic backgrounds who have undergone mastectomies for breast cancer.
Method: Using a phenomenological method, semi-structured interviews were conducted that asked about knowledge, challenges, coping and spirituality with 23 rural women from low socio-economic status and agricultural backgrounds. The interviews were analyzed for themes that described their experiences. Several themes emerged from the data. These included ignorance about the disease, feelings of guilt, financial crisis, fear of change in intimate relationships, importance of spirituality, poor support systems and financial hard-ship.
Conclusion: In India, there are very few cancer studies on rural populations yet the incidence of cancer in this population is increasing. Future studies need to focus on the rural population in order to educate them about the disease and to assist access to treatment, and psychological support. Emotional distress and lack of knowledge could be addressed by psychosocial education. Community based approaches are needed to develop culturally appropriate interventions empowering the women and enhancing their self –efficacy.

Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) is a cancerous disease that affects the lymph nodes within the human body. The location of the disease is how it is classified and diagnosed. The majority of the patients can be potentially cured with the use of radiotherapy and multi-agent chemotherapy, a proportion of them will relapse or develop resistant disease for which treatment options are limited. The aim of the study Is to determine the knowledge awareness about recent advances in the treatment of Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The objective is to study the level of awareness and knowledge about advanced treatment methods for Hodgkin’s lymphoma and associated risk factors among the Indian population. A survey was conducted from April to May among 100 people in the state of Tamil Nadu, India by preparing a set of standard questionnaires and answers were collected through online survey methods such as google forms. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS software and chi square analysis was done for correlation. The results clearly indicate that 57% percent of the population is aware about the recent advances in the treatment methods for Hodgkin’s lymphoma and 42% percent of the population not aware about the treatment methods for Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The conclusion of this study is that the above statistical analysis about knowledge awareness on recent advances in the treatment of Hodgkin’s lymphoma has provided a clear view of current advanced treatment procedure and technique for the betterment of patients in future.

The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of leukoplakia in different types of tobacco users. Tobacco utilization in India is increasing but there are considerable changes in the types and methods by which it is used. Oral cancer affects as many as 274,000 people worldwide annually 20. In this study The data collection was carried out during the period between July 2019 to march 2020. After searching through 86,000 patient records the Sample size for the study was taken as 93 patients diagnosed with leukoplakia. The data that was collected was tabulated in excel and then imported into SPSS software. Smoking form of tobacco was found to be used by 72.92% of patients. Smokeless form of tobacco use was noticed among 25% of the patients and a combination of both smoking and smokeless form of tobacco used was noticed among 2.083% of the patients . Homogenous types of leukoplakia were found among 76.04% of the patients followed by the non-homogenous form which included about 23.96% of the patients. Males were the most common gender comprising about 96.88% of the patients and females comprised about 3.13% . It was also noted that the most common type of tobacco used was cigarettes. Chi- square test was done to associate the type of tobacco used and clinical variants of leukoplakia, it was not statistical significant (p=0.596). Within the limitations of the present study we were able to conclude that there was no association between the habit of tobacco use and the clinical variant of leukoplakia . Multicentric study with a larger sample size will give a more definitive outcome.