European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Background
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is not a newly discovered syndrome. The adverse outcomes of
the renal impairment in patients with Heart failure were known since long. Our aim in this
study was to evaluate the occurrence of AKI, to determine the outcome (morbidity and
mortality) in patients suffering with AKI.
Methods
The present observational prospective study was conducted for a duration of 1 yearamong
100 patients (age 18 years or more) admitted to hospital with acute decompensated heart
failure.A written informed consent taken from each patient and were then screened for
cardiac dysfunction by a detailed history, clinical examination and
echocardiography.Univariate logistic regression was used to find out association of various
outcomes with AKI. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The mean age of the study population was 58.98 ± 17.16 years. The mean Boston criteria for
the population was 9.87 ± 1.36. Baseline S. creatinine, eGFR and even B. Urea were strongly
associated with the occurrence of AKI. Presence of diastolic dysfunction was associated with
AKI. Mortality and readmission were significantly higher in AKI group as compared to non-
AKI group.The predictive value of AKI was maximum with the baseline S. creatinine.
Conclusion
Cardio-renal syndrome is a commonly seen in patients admitted in hospital. AKI can lead to
poor cardiac output or pre-renal failure as a result of overuse of diuretics. The mechanism
involved is complex. AKI in patients admitted with ADHF has poor prognosis with increased
mortality and longer duration of hospital stay.

Background: In 90% of proximal radial fractures, the fracture line comprises of radial neck or physis.The present study was conducted to assess cases of radial neck fracture.
Materials & Methods: 85 patients of radial neck fracture of both genders were enrolled.Radiographic assessment included standard radiographs (antero-posterior and lateral view). Additional radiocapitellar views or computer tomography (CT) scans were performed Radiologic scoring was performed according to Johnston’s modification of the Mason classification.
Results: Out of 85 patients, males were 45 and females were 40. Type I was seen in 64, type II in 15, type III in 4 and type IV in 2 patients. Radial head angulation found to be type IV a in 35 and type IV b in 50 cases. Left side was involved in 42 and right side in 43 cases. Associated injuries were undisplaced lateralcondyle fracture in 4 cases and displaced lateralcondyle fracture in 1 case.
Conclusion: Results of the study showed thatMason type I was seen in maximum cases.

Background: Vaccination against COVID-19 is the key to controlling the pandemic. Vaccines are a critical new tool in the battle against COVID-19 and it is hugely encouraging to see so many vaccines proving successful and going into development, vaccines save millions of lives each year. Vaccine hesitancy is a potential threat to global public health. Since there is a vaccine against the COVID-19 pandemic, much less is known about its acceptance in the community. It is important to understand the correlates of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the Saudi public and the reasons why individuals intend to refuse a COVID-19 vaccine. The COVID-19 vaccine is an effective measure to manage the pandemic as it prevents severe illness and death. Developing immunity through vaccination means there is a reduced risk of developing the illness and its consequences. This immunity helps you fight the virus if exposed.

Vitamin D deficiency is prevailing in Saudi Arabia. Recent national data indicated an inverse association between vitamin D status and coronary heart disease (CHD), which increases concerns about vitamin D deficiency as a serious public health problem. Therefore, the current study aimed to Assessment Knowledge regarding Vitamin D deficiency among female adult attending the Primary Health clinic at Makkah, Saudi Arabia, 2021. Saudi Arabia has one of the highest reported incidence of vitamin D deficiency in studies conducted worldwide. However, there has been very limited exploration of vitamin D related knowledge, attitudes and practices among female adult in Saudi Arabia. However, the case of vitamin deficiency is reported to increase in many female Saudi Arabia worldwide, especially in Saudi Arabia. Mothers, having adequate knowledge about vitamin D and its supplementation, may lead to possible lowering of the cases of vitamin D deficiency and its complications

The goal of the random group experimental research was to figure out the impact of yoga therapy on the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) of asthmatic adult women and stress. For the purposes of the study, 30 adult asthmatic women were randomly selected using the Chennai random group sampling method between the ages of 45 and 55 and were divided into two groups, A and B, each with 15 subjects. It was speculated that substantial discrepancies within the control group on selected physiological and psychological variables among asthmatic adult women would occur due to Yoga Therapy. The pre-test on the chosen physiological variable such as Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) and psychological variable such as Stress before the start of the training program was conducted for both groups (A and B).Yoga Therapy was given to Group A; Group B (Control Group) received no specific treatment, but were in active rest after the trial duration of eight weeks, all groups were retested on the selected dependent variables. The dependent variables tested were measured and compared using the Study of Co-variance (ANCOVA) approach to figure out the essential variations between the classes. The importance test has been set at a confidence level of 0.05. There was a major increase in the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and depression after eight weeks of yoga therapy. Group A remained significantly relevant relative to Group B at the conclusion of the intervention; it is concluded that yoga therapy had a significant impact among asthmatic adult women on physiological and psychological variables. Yoga therapy is therefore useful in increasing the Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) and overcoming stress for asthmatic adult women.
 

Introduction: Smoking is an adverse behavior for one person and others. Although there are various negative effects of smoking, it does not affect the smokers to quit smoking, thus they had a nicotine dependence. The purpose of this research was to identify the sociodemographic characteristics and smoking history with nicotine dependence, and to identify the level of nicotine dependence on smokers.
Patients and Methods: This research was quantitative descriptive research. The population in this study was 338 smokers. This research used total sampling method and it obtained a sample of 159 adult respondents. Data were collected using the Fagerström Nicotine Dependence (FTND).
Results: The result of this research showed that, even though respondents in low levels of nicotine dependence (42,1%), most respondents were in a moderate level of nicotine dependence (39%), high of nicotine dependence (13,8%), and very high of nicotine dependence (5,1%). In addition, the majority of nicotine dependence tended to occur in respondents aged 18-40 years (49,7%), male (84,3%), final year of high school (49,1%), working as an entrepreneur (65,4%), and had an income of less than Rp2.893.074,72 (68,6%). In respondents’ smoking history, nicotine dependence was more likely to occur in respondents who started smoking at the age of 13-17 years (50,3%) with smoking for 1-10 years (30,2%), and smoking clove cigarettes (52,8%).
Conclusions and Recommendations: The conclusion of this study that most respondents were in low levels of nicotine dependence and some respondents were in moderate, high, and very high levels of nicotine dependence, and there was a tendency between income and nicotine dependence.

Background
      Vitamin D is one of the major vitamin and very essential for maintenance of normal growth and development of strong bones. It is often referred to as the "sunshine vitamin" because it can be synthesized in the body from the ultraviolet rays provided by the sun. Vitamin D is known to have essential roles in the human body. However, the case of vitamin deficiency is reported to increase in many adult worldwide, especially in Saudi Arabia. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with numerous chronic diseases including cancer, heart disease and diabetes type 1 and 2. It is currently estimated that one billion people suffer from vitamin D deficiency worldwide. Sunlight is the main and natural source of vitamin D and most foods contain very little amount of it. The main action of vitamin D is to help calcium and phosphorus in our diet to be absorbed from the gut.
 Aim of the study: The study’s aim was to assess the knowledge regarding vitamin D deficiency ​among female adult attending the primary health clinic at Makkah at Saudi Arabia
Methodology: Across sectional descriptive study was conducted among female adult attending to clinic in PHC at Makkah, Saudi Arabia city, during the October to December, 2019. Our total participants were (150).  Results: Major findings of the study were (38%) adult women were in the group of age between 25 to 35 years. The majority of the women (84.67%) “married” status. The majority of the women were (49.33) secondary level of education, regarding chronic disease, most of the mothers in the study were found to have no chronic disease were (62.00%). The income level of (56.0%) of the respondents ranged average, the majority of the women were (42.0%) Sources of knowledge doctor.
 Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among the various age groups in our country due to various factors. So, Awareness programmes have to be conducted to make the general public including the females aware of the vitamin D, its deficiency, causative factors and the preventive measures. So this study was done this study was conducted assessment the knowledge towards vitamin D deficiency, sun exposure, supplementation in a sample of adult female attending the primary health clinic at Makkah, Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabian.

Background:
     Physical activity (PA) is defined as any bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscles that results in a substantial increase in caloric requirements over resting energy expenditure. According to the World Health Organization(WHO), physical inactivity is considered the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality. Physical inactivity is associated with excess weight and adverse health outcomes. In particular, office-based screening of activity levels and physical activity counseling coupled with regular follow-ups and community support and referrals for physical activity, have been proven effective in increasing physical activity levels. In addition, the cost of integrating physical activity counseling and referral schemes into primary health care teams has been found feasible and cost-effective Physical activity can be defined as any movement of the body that requires energy expenditure.
 
Aim of this study: To Assessment of the Prevalence of Physical Activity among Adult Patients attend primary health care centers in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia.
 
 Methodology: Cross sectional design has been adopted. The study has been conducted in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia. The present study was conducted at primary health care centres in Makkah city. Systematic random sampling was being adopted to select persons during the March to June, 2019.The sample (300).
 Results: Exercise milieu these study results showed that Positive Exercise milieu proportions (62.0%), and Negative Exercise milieu proportions (38.0% ) while  the Range  (8-22)  Mean +SD (13.254±3.215) while Time expenditure the most of them negative were(69.0%)but positive (31.0%)while the Range (6-13) Mean +SD (10.812±2.77)
 
Conclusion: Physical inactivity among Arab adults and children/adolescents is high. Studies using harmonized approaches, rigorous analytic techniques and a deeper examination of context are needed to design appropriate interventions. Physical activity likely has a greater role in promoting health in disease populations than previously thought and may confer substantial reductions in disease burden Primary health care centers in Makkah should be active and able to provide health advice and behaviour to their patients. There will a strong intention to increase physical activity among physically inactive primary care physicians (PHCPs).