European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

To assess prevalance of hearing loss and tinnitus among Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients in the cross-sectional study.
Materials and Methods: 120 patients were divided into groups based on their age, gender, the duration of their diabetes mellitus (10 years), and the types of diabetic medications they were using. In a soundproof room, thorough otoscopy examinations of their ears were performed, along with the tuning fork test, PTA, and other tests. A questionnaire was used to assess tinnitus.
Results: The total no.of diabetic patients considered for this study are 120. Out of which, 76 patients were identified with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). In these SHNL patients,48 were identified with mild SNHL(63.15%), 22 patients with moderate SNHL(28.94%), 2 with moderate severe SNHL(2.63%) and 4 patients with severe SNHL (5.26%).Tinnitus is seen in 35 patients (29.16%).The association of age (p=0.21) and sex (p=0.58) with Hearing loss (HL) and tinnitus were not statistically significant. Nevertheless, the duration of diabetes mellitus in relation to these ailments were statistically significant (p=0.07).
Conclusion: The patients with Diabetic mellitus were having higher degree of hearing threshold with B/L mild to moderate SNHL. Age and Gender of diabetic mellitus patients had no major correlation with HL and tinnitus. While the duration had major correlation with HL and tinnitus. These results infer that there is more prevalence of hearing impairment and tinnitus and develop at an earlier age in type 2 diabetes patients

To evaluate sensorineural hearing loss among diabetic subjects.
Materials & methods: A total of 20 cases with diabetes were enrolled. 20 control groups were included. The age of subjects was between 20- 60 years. Complete history was taken and ENT examination was done. Laboratory investigations were done. Random blood sugar concentration was noted. Chi square test was used to compare the categorical data. Significance level was fixed at p < 0.05.
Results: 20 were diabetic subjects and 20 were the control group. 15 (75%) cases had sensorineural hearing loss and 5 (25%) cases had normal hearing. Only 4 (20%) controls had sensorineural hearing loss and 16 (80%) controls had normal hearing.
Conclusion: Duration of diabetes plays a significant role in hearing loss

Background: To assess cases of tympanic membrane perforation.
Materials and Methods: One hundred ten patients with dry perforations of tympanic membrane with no history of active middle ear disease were enrolled and the type, degree and frequency of hearing loss was determined by tuning fork test and pure tone audiometry. Clinical parameters such as cause of injury, side, site, complaints and type was recorded. The duration of disease was also recorded.
Results: Out of 110 patients, males were 65 (59.0%) and females were 45 (41%). Cause of perforation was RTA in 52, domestic assault in 38 and armed robbery in 20. Type was penetrating in 66 and non- penetrating in 44. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Side involved was left in 46 and right side in 64. Site was anterior in 53, posterior in 41 and undefined in 16. Complaint was otalgia in 62, otorrhoea in 75, vertigo in 27 and tinnitus in 27. The difference was non- significant (P> 0.05). The mean hearing loss in 0-9 mm³ perforation was 24.1 dB, in 9-30 mm³was 36.7 dB and >30 mm³was 47.5 mm³. The difference was significant (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: Commoncause of perforation was RTA, domestic assault and armed robbery. Type was penetrating and non- penetrating. Complaint was otalgia, otorrhoea, vertigo and tinnitus.

Introduction: Back ground: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is one of the most common childhood infectious diseases worldwide and is a leading cause of hearing impairment in resource-limited settings. It is less frequently seen in resource-rich settings. It is characterized by chronic drainage from the middle ear associated with tympanic membrane (TM) perforation. CSOM is usually preceded by an episode of acute otitis media (AOM).
Aim and Objective of the study. The aim and objectives of the study is to evaluate the surgical outcomes chronic suppurative otitis media.
 Materials and Methods: Informed consent was obtained from all patients included in the study. The study was approved by institutional ethical committee. The data were collected by the active participation of the patients’ interview by the preformed proforma of data collection sheet and then data were gathered and tabulated. Detail history, physical examination and relevant investigations were done pre-operatively and post-operatively. Post-operative follow up after 1month, 2 months and 3 months were done.
Results and Discussion: In the present study, we included a total of 80 patients with CSOM who underwent surgical intervention. The aim and objectives of the study is to evaluate the surgical outcomes chronic suppurative otitis media. The number of subjects in the age group of 5-10 years were 3, 11-20 years were 20, 21-30 years were 15, 31-40 years were 22 and 41-50 years were 20. The number of males were 62% and females were 38%. It is evident from the table 2 that 100% presented with discharge, 22.5% with granulation tissue, 21.25% with aural polyp, 55% with attic perforation and 35% with postero-superior marginal perforation. It is evident from table 3 that 52.5% had dry ear, 15% had discharging ear and 1.25% had granulation tissue at 1^st month. Similarly, that 55% had dry ear, 10% had discharging ear and none of the subjects had granulation tissue at 3^rd month. It is evident from table 4 that 3.75 % had deterioration, 8.75% had unchanged and 87.5% had improvement in hearing.
Conclusion: Hearing loss arising from COM is a matter of serious concern because of its long-term effects on communication, language development and educational process. Early diagnosis and intervention by skilled Otologist is recommended to regain hearing as well as to prevent disability and complications.

Background: The commonest cause of hearing loss in children is secretory otitis media. The present study was conducted to assess the effects of adenoidectomy in cases of secretory otitis media in children.
Materials & Methods: 65 children age ranged 4-12 years with history of SOM of both genders were assessed for Otoscopic findings. Pure tone audiometry (PTA) was performed for assessment of hearing threshold in both ears.
Results: Out of 65 patients, boys were 35 and girls were 30. Common symptoms were nasal discharge in 53, nasal obstruction in 58, sore throat in 32, fullness of ear in 26 and hard of hearing in 46. Tympanic membrane appearance was retraction in 5, air bubbles in 15, dull, lustreless, amber coloured in 45. Hearing loss (dB) was 16-25 (minimal) in 40, 26-40 (mild) in 25. Impedance audiometry showed peak in 10 and no peak in 55. Morbidity was sinusitis in 6 and tonsillitis in 12. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). The mean AG gap pre- operatively was 24.6 dB, at 1 month was 10.9, at 3 months was 10.4 and at 6 months was 11.7. The difference was significant (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: Secretory otitis mediais one of the common causes of hearing loss in children. Tympanic membrane appearance was retraction, air bubbles, dull, lustreless, amber coloured. Morbidity was sinusitis and tonsillitis.

Background: Diabetes is fast gaining the status of a potential epidemic in India with more than 62 million diabetic individuals currently diagnosed with the disease. Conventional audiometric tests are not sensitive to detect the initial phase of sensory loss. A comparative study of Hearing evaluation of paediatric patients with IDDM between 6-17 yr and age and sex matched controls was done for evaluating the correlation between presence of type1 DM and auditory dysfunction, glycemic control and effect of duration of disease on hearing loss in IDDM conducted in Department of ENT in Rajindra hospital, Patiala.
Materials & methods: The present cross sectional observational study included 50 patients between age group of 6-17 years with confirmed diagnosis of Type 1 DM and an average disease duration of more than 1 year and 50 age and sex matched healthy controls. The patients were diagnosed as diabetic as per diagnostic criteria of The American Diabetes Association. The onset of diabetes was noted on the day of commencement of insulin therapy. A Performa was made where data recorded will include age, sex, duration of diabetes, insulin dose, BMI, frequency of acute complications like diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and severe hypoglycemia. This was followed by audiological testing, which will include pure tone audiometry (PTA) and Otoacoustic emission (OAE). Audiological assessment was done in a sound proof room in out - patient clinic of ENT Department, Rajindra hospital, Patiala. Hearing thresholds were tested using a commercially available AL Advanced digital audiometer AD21OOPS with headphones for speech frequencies and higher frequencies audiometry. The limitof normality was defined as a maximum intensity of 25 decibels for all frequencies.classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis.
Results: High frequency hearing loss was found to be present in 8 percent of the patients (4 patients) of the study group while it was absent in control group. While correlating the occurrence of high frequency SNHL with age-wise and gender-wise distribution of patients in the study group, non-significant results were obtained.While correlating the occurrence of high frequency SNHL with duration of diabetes in the study group, non-significant results were obtained. Significant results were obtained while comparing the mean RBS levels and HbA1c levels among the patients with and without high frequency SNHL.
Conclusion: Early detection is important in affected children and a range of intervention options (such as remotemicrophone listening systems) are available, and have proven beneficial in ameliorating the real-world listening effects of auditory neuropathy.

Background: Tympanic membrane perforations are common cause of hearing loss. This
study was designed to analyze the relation between tympanic membrane perforation
and hearing loss.
Methods: In this prospective study, patients with dry tympanic membrane perforations
of safe type were included. The patients were divided into groups in according to size,
site and duration of perforation
Results: 49 patients with 70 dry tympanic membrane perforations were studied. Data
was analyzed statistically using paired t-test. Hearing loss increased as the size of
perforation increased. Posterior quadrant perforations were associated with more
hearing loss as compared to anterior quadrant perforations. Also duration of disease
was in linear relation with mean hearing loss.
Conclusions: The degree of conductive hearing loss as a result of tympanic membrane
perforation would be expected with the size, site and duration of perforation.

Background:Hearing loss in children may be inherited, caused by maternal rubella or
complications at birth, certain infectious diseases such as meningitis, measles, chronic ear
infections. The present study was conducted to assess the cases of hearing loss in children.
Materials & Methods: 296 children with hearing loss of both genders were selected.
Histories of risk factors, causes, and type of hearing loss were recorded.
Results: Out of 296, males were 176 and females were 120. Common risk factors were
middle ear infection in 72, febrile illness and treatment in 144, sickle cell diseases in 56
and family history in 24 cases. The difference was significant (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: Common causes of hearing loss in children were middle ear infection, febrile
illness and treatment, sickle cell diseases and family history.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a non-communicable chronic metabolic disorder. The
association between sensorineural hearing loss and diabetes has become an important subject
of research. Correlation of hearing loss with genders is not still clear so we have aimed our
study to explore the same.
Objective: To examine the gender-specific association between diabetes and hearing loss.
Methods: This study was conducted on a total number of 150 (78 male & 72 female) selected
diabetic patients from November 2018 to December 2020. The correlation of hearing loss
between male and female diabetic patients was compared by getting a pure tone audiogram.
Results: Out of a total of 150 patients, only 42 patients (28%) were suffered from hearing
loss. Sensorineural hearing loss was present 25.6% in males and 30.5% in females which was
not significantly different (p >0.05).
Conclusion: We concluded that hearing loss has no significant association with genders in
diabetic patients, but early diagnosis and screening of diabetic paints for hearing loss help in a
better quality of life.

Background: Hearing difficulties in COVID may range from mild to severe and vary based on COVID-19 severity. They range from the self-manageable at home to the ones needing hospitalization. They include dizziness, vertigo, tinnitus, and/or hearing loss.
Aims: To assess the long-term impact of COVID-19 on the existence of audiovestibular disorders in subjects hospitalized previously for COVID-19.
Materials and Methods: 30 test and 30 control subjects hospitalized in the institution after COVID-19 were assessed for audiovestibular screening Tonal Audiometry was then done to measure bone and air conduction thresholds. Gain threshold was assessed for vestibular loss set at a value less than 0, 6 at 60ms, and vHIT was performed.  The collected data were subjected to statistical evaluation and the results were formulated.
Results:Dizziness was seen in 10% (n=3) subjects, tinnitus in 3.33% (n=1) subject, spinning vertigo in 3.33% (n=1) subject, Dynamic disequilibrium/ imbalance in 3.33% (n=1) subject, static disequilibrium/ imbalance in 6.66% (n=2) subjects, and hearing loss in 10% (n=3) subjects. PTA values were statistically non-significant at all frequencies except at 0.25, 0.5, 2, and 4 kHz with respective p-values of 0.003, 0.083, 0.04, and 0.03. In gain values only vHIT significant gain was seen in right anterior canal with values of 0.798±0.257 in cases and 0.949±0.121 in controls and the p-value of 0.004
Conclusion:Within its limitations, the present study concludes that audiovestibular symptoms and components are involved in subjects with COVID-19. No definitive conclusion can be drawn on auditory involvement in subjects with a history of COVID-19 with the previous hospitalization.

Background: Emotional and social challenges are higher in children with hearing loss
especially during their transition from childhood to adolescence phase. Before the cochlear
implant placement became a routine and widely accepted management modality for
treating hearing loss in children, the children felt more psychosocial issues.
Aims: The present trial was conducted to assess if children with cochlear implants
secondary to hearing loss have similar psychosocial challenges as their peers having
normal hearing patterns by assessing the responses given by children or their parents
concerning the child's health-related quality of life.
Materials and Methods: 62 subjects were divided into two categories of 8-11 years old and
12-16 years (n=31). Independent assessment of children and their parents was done. The
comparison was done of children's responses with their parent's responses, and with
responses of the control children with the normal hearing pattern. The quality of life was
evaluated using the KINDLR survey designed especially for children.The collected data
were subjected to statistical evaluation and the results were formulated.
Results:In 8-11 years old compared to their peers with the normal hearing pattern,
cochlear implants had a less positive quality of life concerning their family and physical
well-being with p< 0.0001. In 12-16 years when compared to their peers with the normal
hearing pattern, cochlear implants had a less positive quality of life concerning their
friends, school, and self-esteem with respective p-values of 0.01, 0.04, and 0.07.
Conclusion:Children with cochlear implants report their quality of life as similar to the
subjects with the normal hearing pattern. In comparison, responses by parents were
reliable and comparable to the children. The quality of life was better in young children
compared to the older children group.

Background:Hearing is an essential part of how we communicate with others and become
aware of sounds that happen in our immediate environment. The present study was
conducted to assess sensorineural hearing loss in diabetes and hypertensive patients.
Materials & Methods: 120 subjects of both genders were divided into 3 groups. Group I
had diabetics, group II had hypertensive and group II had control subjects. General ear
examination was done using otoscopy. Hearing function, degree, form, and configuration
of any hearing loss, were determined through a general ear examination and Pure Tone
Audiometry.
Results: Group I had 22 males and 18 females, group II had 16 males and 24 females and
group III had 15 males and 25 females. Normal hearing loss was observed in 25% in group
I, 26% in group II and 85% in group III, mild hearing loss was observed in 75% in group
I, 50% in group II and 15% in group III and moderate hearing loss was observed in 24%
in group II. The difference was significant (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: There was more hearing loss in diabetics and hypertensive subjects as
compared to healthy individuals.

Size and site of tympanic membrane perforation is proportionate to
degree of hearing loss, larger the perforation, greater the hearing loss. The present
study was conducted to assess the size and site of tympanic membrane perforation and
hearing loss.
Materials & Methods: 75 patients with tympanic membrane perforation of both
genders were divided into 3 groups based on size of perforation such as group I with 0-
9mm2, group II with 10-30mm2 and group III with >30mm2 perforation. Site was
anterior, posterior and multiple. Hearing loss was calculated.
Results: Group I patients had 28.4 dB, group II had 382 dB and group III had 47.5 dB
hearing loss. In group I, anterior site was seen in 16, posterior in 5 and multiple in 4
cases, in group II, anterior in 8, posterior in 7 and multiple in 10 cases and in group III,
anterior in 8, posterior in 5 and multiple in 12 cases. The difference was significant (P<
0.05).
Conclusion: As the size of the perforation increased, hearing loss also increased