European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Background: Obesity is a health hazard throughout the world. weight gain and obesity are responsible for a growing threat to health throughout the world objectives: To evaluate and compare the cardiovascular autonomic response to cold pressor test and hand grip test among obese and non-obese adults.Methodology: Cardiovascular  sympathetic  function  tests were carried out in 100 obese adults  and  100 non obese adults  aged  between  28-58  years. Recording of ECG was performed in normal breathing, deep breathing and in condition of cold pressor.Time-domain method was used to record HRV Results: Study demonstrated significant decreased BP(BP)(systolic and diastolic) to cold pressor and to sustained handgrip. Responses in cases were significantly correlated to Body Mass Index. Our findings shows increased sympathetic activity was seen in obese patients and vagal activity was also withdrawn. Conclusion: There is remarkable change observed in the cardiac autonomic dysfunction responses between obese and non-obese subjects. Normal BMI showed a better HRV response to cold pressor test, indicating a better parasympathetic activity as compared to obese subjects. In cold pressor test BP was reduced in obese compared to non-obese individuals suggesting decreased vascular sensitivity to the amplified adrenergic activity in healthy obese individuals(adults).

Heart rate variability (HRV) as a measurement of autonomic function assumes great clinical
importance. It is well known that particular patterns of body fat distribution increase coronary
heart disease risk both in adults & children. While frank obesity is associated with reduced
HRV, indicative of poorer autonomic nervous system (ANS) function, the association
between body mass index (BMI) and HRV is less clear. The dynamic autonomic responses
during exercise can be measured to give actionable information for training by analysis of the
ECG to determine heart rate variability. While application of HRV has been applied to
predict sudden cardiac death and diabetic neuropathy in assessing disease progression. The
study revealed the changes in HRV in resting condition and also after a single bout of sub
maximal treadmill exercise (50% of VO2 max.) among males and females in the age group of
17-25 years at rest and the correlations between the HRV parameters at rest and after the
exercise with BMI and WHR in the subjects. An observational cross sectional study was
conducted in the Physiology Department of R.G. Kar Medical College, Kolkata, India on 60
subjects (n=60) of both sexes (30 males and 30 females) in the 17-25 years age, participated
in this study. Their WHR and BMI were measured and HRV was recorded during rest and
immediately after exercise by digital Polyrite. Result showed that the HRV of male were
more than in female in resting condition. After submaximal exercise the HRV value of males
were more than their respective resting HRV values though it was not significant and in the
females, post-exercise HRV was significantly more than their respective resting HRV. This
study shows that females have higher parasympathetic activity than males. There is an
association between WHR and BMI and HRV in healthy female persons, which shows that
there is an increase in LF/HF(low frequency & high frequency) of values among males and
females after a single bout of sub-maximal exercise though not significant in case of males
but significant in case of females.

The autonomic nervous system, which is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, plays a vital role in cardiovascular regulation. It has been demonstrated that heart rate variability can provide an objective measure of autonomic function. The Peripheral Pulse Analyzer has been used to research heart rate variability in healthy and hypertensive people in order to better understand the effects of hypertension on autonomic activity. Subjects were separated into two age groups: 18-30 years and 31-44 years, and variability factors were compared in terms of gender, age, and disease stratification. Statistical analysis revealed a significant reduction in the coefficient of variation for the variability parameter represented as a logarithm (to the base 10) in contrast to the raw or average value of the parameter, resulting in greater discriminatory strength in various stratified groups. Excluding age and gender sensitive factors, there is a significant difference in the amplitude of the low frequency component for lower age group male/female hypertensives and the amplitude and area of the low frequency component for higher age group female hypertensives. These findings are consistent with earlier research of a comparable scope. However, higher age group male controls and hypertensives could not be distinguished by variability study, most likely because to comparable changes indicated by senility and hypertension. As a result, the amplitude and area of the low frequency component in the heart rate variability spectrum have been identified as hypertension-specific parameters

Purpose: During menstrual cycle the fluctuating level of endogenous sex hormones have
an impact on cardiac autonomic function and may also affect blood volume along with
electrocardiographic pattern. The main purpose of the study was to compare and
evaluate variation in electrocardiogram, heart rate variability and hypertension during
different phases of menstrual cycle to determine the effect of ovarian hormones on
cardiovascular function.
Methods: This was a cross sectional prospective study conducted in 145 healthy female
student who had regular menstrual cycle of 30 ± 3 days and aged between 18 to 24 years
after taking informed consent and institutional ethical clearance. In different phases of
menstrual cycle [Menstrual Phase (day 1-5), Follicular Phase (day 5–14) and Luteal
phase(day 15-28)] blood pressure, lead II electrocardiogram recordings were captured
and by using PHYSIOPAC after connecting the limb leads of ECG in supine resting
position with eyes closed HRV was assessed for 15min.
Results: On electro gram parameters a significant QT interval and RR interval were
observed. Longer QT interval during follicular Phase and shorter QT interval during
Luteal phase were recoded where as shorter RR interval observed during Menstrual
Phase which were longer during luteal phase. During the three phases no significant
variation in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were noticed. An increase resting
heart rate were noted during menstrual phase which was lower during luteal phase. A
non-significant increase in LF nudomain and LF/HF ratio were noted during the luteal
phase as compared to other phases. Compared to luteal phase, during the follicular
Phase, in LF nudomain and LF/HF ratio a non-significant increase were observed.
Conclusion: In healthy young women with regular menstrual cycle sympathovagal
balance were greatly influenced by endogenous sex hormones. Cardiacautonomic
dysfunction and be resulted due to any type of hormonal imbalance which effect
sympathovagal balance. The study also concluded even within range of fluctuations,
ventricular action potentials were were greatly influenced by estrogen as QT and Q Tc
intervals shows changed in healthy young adults.

This paper is devoted to the analysis of advanced scientific research about the role of
superlow intensity EHF effects on biological objects, including people. In this
investigation was utilized Gunn diode with the flow of electromagnetic radiation
superlow intensity of 10 μW and frequency 40-43 GHz. The estimation of the influence
of the millimeter radiation on staphylococcus aureus, E.coli, and the native blood has
been performed. It was shown the death of staphylococcus is associated with the
frequency of modulation signals of the radiation. The EHF irradiation of bacterial
suspension for one minute leads to the short-term disorders of motor function of
E.coli. Exposure by EHF of the super weak intensity causes inhibition of red blood cell
function, which manifests itself in a decrease in their ability to aggregate. Our
experimental data also prove that intake of water activated by means of EHF radiation
modifies the functional status of patients.