European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

     In resource-constrained settings, primary health centers (PHCs) are critical for universal health coverage. Laboratory service is one of its important components. While PHC and its performance are focused, its laboratory service has been neglected in developing countries.
A routine checkup is a general physical evaluation and is not performed for a specific injury, illness or condition. A routine checkup in laboratory service is one of its important components are beneficial for detecting diseases in early stages when treatments are most effective. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), free-of-charge healthcare services including the analysis to be carried out in laboratories are offered to citizens.  However, studies are consistently finding that Saudi people are not taking advantage of the free routine checkups. 

Background: Tobacco usage is a global epidemic that is gradually worsening with each passing day. Despite of various efforts being taken against tobacco consumption, it is still a major health issue globally, and in India. Hence the present study is an attempt to assess the change in knowledge and attitude of tobacco use among stone crusher workers in and around Jaipur city before and after intervention.
Method: The main study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase the data regarding the demographic and the personal information on tobacco use, knowledge and attitude was collected using pre designed and pre- tested Performa. In the second phase the basic health education and Cognitive‑ behavioral cessation strategies were provided to the study subjects. Follow-up was done at intervals of 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 3 months and 6 months. All the techniques were reinforced again at the follow‑ ups.
Results: Among the total of 2170 study subjects 615 (28.3%) were smokers, 586 (27.0%) consumed smokeless tobacco and 969 (44.7%) used both smoked and smokeless form. Knowledge regarding various effects of tobacco causing heart attack, asthma, gastritis, lung cancer, oral cancer and headache increases significantly from baseline to fourth counselling. Attitude towards harmful effects and rules and regulations for tobacco use, there was significant increase in mean difference (0.000) between baseline data and fourth counselling respectively.
Conclusion: The prevalence of tobacco use is very high among lower socioeconomic strata. Therefore, tobacco awareness programs and tobacco cessation services tailor made for this group must be planned and implemented.

The word “stigma”, deriving from the Greek verb στiζειν(to sting), was used during the classical period to indicatethe mark made with a spike on the forehead of a slavewhen he was found guilty of an offence, on the arm of aconscript recognized as suitable for serving the military,on the body of criminals and other people identified asconvicts. Stigma is a fundamental barrier to individuals seeking out mental health treatment in the Middle East. According to epidemiological studies conducted in Europe and in the United States, mental illnesses are common characteristics of our urban societies. Their frequency is estimated at almost one fourth of the general population in most countries

Background/Objectives: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an emerging viral respiratory disease
that has currently reached apandemic status.This study aimed to assessCOVID-19 knowledge,
attitudes, and practices among the Kurdishpopulation in Iraq.
Methods: This cross-sectional studywas conducted fromJuly 15 to September 15, 2020 among the
Kurdish population in Iraq. A total of 885 subjects were interviewed. All subjects were aged 15–75
years. Knowledgescores, attitudes, and practices of subjects were analyzed according to demographic
characteristics.
Results:The study subjects were largely male,the average age was31.79 years,and 41.92% subjects
were from Erbil province. Approximately 85.31% subjectshad enhancedknowledge regarding disease
prevention and control. The lowest subscale scores were related toclinical manifestations of the
disease. Knowledge scores were significantly associated with age, place of current residence, and
level of education.A large number of participants believed COVID-19 would be controlled and the
fight against the pandemic would be won.Subjects’ attitudes toward success differedsignificantly by
demographic characteristics, except marital status. Approximately 40.03% subjects reported that they
had not visited a crowded place, and 60.22% of these subjects wore face masks when leaving home.

Background: The study was aimed to assess the knowledge of healthcare provider and the correlation of the healthcare providers’ educational degree toward fever management in children.
Method: This study was conducted among healthcare-community using a questionnaire as the primary data. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed by using percentage and the correlation of their degree toward fever was analyzed by the chi-square test with statistically significant p values of < 0.05.
Result: Questions 1-17 about basic science were answered correctly by more than 80%, except those regarding non-shivering thermogenesis in neonates showing that the residents and medical students group got better results than the specialists and medical doctors (61%; 68.8%; vs 84.7%; 83.3, respectively Chi-square, p = 0.039 (p < 0.05)). While questions 18-25 about fever management in children, around half of the subjects answered correctly following the recommendations.
Conclusion: The subjects’ educational degree influenced their knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding the fever management in children

Good knowledge about Covid-19 transmission and nature prevents transmission of microorganisms and reduces the incidence of Covid-19 in the community. To assess knowledge of Iraqi people about covid-19&to find the source of information about covid-19. Method: Cross-sectional study was done from 1stJune-1stJuly 2020, by electronic version of questionnaire through Google-form. Any Iraqi adult can read Arabic and use the internet media (e-mails, telegram, viber, whatsapp, Facebook) or by hand to hand as hard-copy, and accepted to answer the questionnaire through friend, friend of friend, relatives, work colleagues with A Brief message.Analysed by SPSS ver. 23, frequencies and percentages calculated. The study revealed enrolling of 700 Iraqi people from difference part of Iraq and difference were participant in it, the main age of them 230(32.9%) aged 20-29 years old, females 416(59.4%), complete secondary school388(55.4%), near 60% of them working in non-medical field, and governmental employee 364(52.0%), and there-residency in Baghdad city 457(65%), followed by holly-Karbala 8%, and bible 4%, good knowledgein prevention of Covid-19 transmission, Strength the immunity against covid-19 infection and its complication, and the Overall knowledge appear as good 691(99%) the Internet is the major source of the information about the covid-19; 568(81.1%). Conclusion: most of participants had good knowledge in prevention and strength the immunity and vaccination of covid 19, and the main source of information is the internet then TV & radio.

Background: The inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) is the most frequent regional anaesthesia technique used in dental procedures and has been reported to have the highest failure rates among dental undergraduates, interns and even, dental professionals. Hence, local anaesthesia has been formally taught in worldwide dental curriculum since the 1940s. This was when lignocaine was introduced as the safest anaesthesia medium for dental anaesthesia. Otherwise, dental anaesthesia was performed by Horace Wells in 1920s using cocaine. Purpose. This study is mainly aimed to examine the difference between Year 1 and Year 3 dental undergraduates towards perceived attributes of innovation diffusion theory and intention to use a Novel Local Anaesthesia Simulator Kit (LASK) in competently performing inferior alveolar nerve block in pre-clinical simulation. Methodology. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using questionnaire; and distributed to dental undergraduates. A total of 150 questionnaires were valid for data analysis. Results. The findings revealed that the perceived attributes of relative advantage, compatibility, observability and trialability were statistically different for both groups of students. However, results indicate that complexity construct for both non-clinical and pre-clinical groups of students were not statistically significant difference. Conclusion. The findings of this study will contribute to specific educational significance in the dental curriculum, especially in assessment of dental undergraduates’ clinical competence dental undergraduates at a more microscopic level.

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) risks causing death when the sufferer experiences shock due to bleeding. Until now, there is no specific drug to cure DHF. This study was aimed to determine the effect of interpersonal communication on improving the prevention of Dengue Fever (DHF). The type of research used is Quasi-experiment with nonrandomized pretest-posttest control group design. Samples were taken by simple random sampling of 78 respondents from a population of 1,791 households each of 39 respondents in the intervention group and 39 in the control group. Data collection uses questionnaires and interviews in the working area of the Baubau City Meo-Meo Community Health Center. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon and Man Whitney tests. The results showed the percentage of respondents characteristics in this study the most age groups were 28-38 years 39.74%, female sex 79.48%, married 92.31%, high school education 56.41%. The mean score increased knowledge (13.21 to 17.49), AND attitudes (33.38 to 38.92) about DHF before and after interpersonal communication. The mean score increased knowledge (12.69 to 16.49), and attitudes (33.33 to 37.46) about DHF before and after counseling. While the comparison of the intervention group was significant from the control group with (p <0.05) namely knowledge (p = 0,000), and attitude (p = 0.021) about DHF. Interpersonal communication is more influential than counseling and the need for monitoring and evaluating the implementation of interpersonal communication on an ongoing basis.

Background
seasonal influenzavaccination is essential for population health. However, despite its strong recommendation, studies indicated a low rate of vaccine response. Influenza is a serious disease that can cause hospitalization, intubation, and death in high-risk groups. Influenza complications are due to changes in the immune, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems. Patients  with an influenza infection are at increased risk of severe illness and complications and have a higher mortality and morbidity rate. Despite the significant role of seasonal influenza vaccination in preventing and minimizing the serious complications of influenza infection in patients, unsatisfactory compliance still exists for vaccination. Vaccination against influenza is the main way to reduce the substantial health burden that seasonal influenza causes, and is the primary tool to prevent influenza infection. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended that all people above age 6 months receive the influenza vaccination annually unless contraindicated
. Aim of the study:To explore knowledge and attitudes of patients attending in Primary Health Care about the seasonal influenza Immunization at  Makkah Al-Mokarramah 2019.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 participants from  health care centers in Makkah Al-Mokarramah city. A validated self-administered questionnaire was used. It includes questions on sociodemographic variables, knowledge, attitude, and vaccine response. during the September to December 2019.
 Results:the majority of participant (50.5%) have average of the knowledge towards seasonal influenza vaccination followed by (29.0%) of participant high while Range(3-9) and Mean ±SD(6.390±1.781), X²25 P=0.001also shows the majority of participant (50.5%) have average of the knowledge towards seasonal influenza vaccination followed by (29.0%) of participant high while Range(3-9) and Mean ±SD(6.390±1.781), X²25 P=0.001
Conclusion:The study showed poor knowledge and attitude toward seasonal influenza Immunization among patients and general population but a relatively accepted rate of vaccine response. Vaccination response was associated with knowledge, marital status, education, and age. This study recommends implementation of the health educational programs to increase the knowledge to the patients and general population.