European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Background:Numerous neoplasms, both benign and malignant, with distinctive histological and radiological features make up focal liver lesions. The main aim of this study is to determine how well MRI can distinguish between benign and malignant focal liver lesions and confirmation with the pathology using fine needle aspiration cytology or biopsy. This is crucial for prognosis and therapy planning

Introduction:  Neoplasms of the urinary tract are commonly encountered in clinical practice and important from clinical and pathological perspectives as they have various histological patterns with prognostic implications.
Aim: The aim of this study was to observe the spectrum of lesions among various organs of the urinary tract and categorize them into benign and malignant based on histopathological findings.
Materials and methods:  This is a hospital based five-year retrospective study of urinary tract specimens received in the department of Pathology.
 Results: A total of 90 cases were studied, 87 cases were malignant, and 3 cases were benign. Among the malignant cases, most common were Clear Cell type of Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) in kidney, low grade urothelial carcinoma of the ureter/Renal pelvis and non-invasive low grade urothelial carcinoma in bladder.
Conclusion: Most of the lesions in the urinary tract had a male predominance with most patients being in the 6^th and 7^th decades. In kidney Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma predominated, in bladder Non-invasive Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma was the commonest 9lesion and in renal pelvis /ureter Low grade urothelial carcinoma was the commonest.  Histopathological examination provides a confirmatory diagnosis which helps in the management and in assessing the prognosis of these lesions based on invasion into muscle, capsule, and adjacent tissues.

Aim: To compare modalities like ultrasonography (USG) and computed tomography (CT) in the evaluation of suspicious ovarian masses.
Methodology: This prospective comparative study was carried out in the Department of Radiology, RVM Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre for a period of 15 months. Total 50 women were included in this prospective study. All patients underwent abdominal Ultrasonography and CT scan with determination of the ovarian mass characteristics. Detailed history of allergy and renal function tests were taken before doing CT scan and if there was history of allergy then non-ionic contrast was used. Site, size, papillary projections, wall characteristics, capsular infiltrations, the presence of solid areas inside the mass and presence of as cites were recorded both by US and CT scan.
Results: Out of 50 patients, majority of patients belonged to 40-50 years of age group (19, 38%) followed by 30-40 years of age group (10, 20%). 8 patients (16%) belonged to 20-30 years age group, 7 (14%) belonged to 50-60 years, <20 and >60 years of age group included 3 patients each. There are total 29 cases of Pre-menopausal stage and 21 cases of Post-menopausal stage having ovarian cyst. Out of 29 cases of pre-menopausal conditions have 7 number of malignant and 22 number of benign types of ovarian masses. In the Postmenopausal group there are 17 cases of malignant and 4 cases of benign ovarian mass was observed. Overall, CT was found to have 96% sensitivity, 92% specificity, and an accuracy of 92% in the differentiation of benign and malignant ovarian masses, while PPV and NPV were 94% and 90%, respectively. The sensitivity of USG was 90%, specificity was 86% and PPV and NPV were 88% and 86% respectively.
Conclusion: CT and USG imaging all have approximately similar accuracy in staging ovarian carcinoma but the sensitivity of CT scan for all ovarian cancer detection greater than that of US. Among women with ovarian disorders, CT can be primarily in patients with ovarian malignancies, either to assess disease extent prior to surgery or as a substitute for second look laparotomy.

Aim: To compare modalities like ultrasonography (USG) and computed tomography (CT) in the evaluation of suspicious ovarian masses.

Background: Cervical cancer is the most prevalent malignancy in women that occurs in the cervix, considered as 2^nd common cancer that affects the women after most common breast cancer. Pap smear is a simple, cost effective, non-invasive and OPD method for early diagnosis of cervical cancer and pre-cancerous cervical lesions.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the evidence for the support of patterns of different kinds of cervical lesions and prevalence of epithelial cell abnormalities in our study populations.
Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was carried out in the department of Pathology in collaboration with the department of Gynaecology at ESIC hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India from 01/03/2021 to 30/12/2021 with the duration of 10 months. All Pap smears were taken of women between the age group of 20-70 years in this study. A total of 150 smears were stained with Pap stain and reported by following the New Bethesda system for Reporting Cervical Cytology, 2014.
Results: Out of 150 cases, 17 (11.33%) Pap smears were reported as unsatisfactory or inadequate, 126 (84%) were NILM (negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy). Non-specific inflammatory smears were found to be more predominant among NILM. Epithelial cell abnormalities were reported in 07 (4.66%) pap smears examinations. Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) in 03(2%) cases, Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) in 01(0.66%) case, high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) in 01(0.66%) case and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were also found in 01(0.66%) case. The most prevalent age group for epithelial cell abnormalities was 40-50 years.
Conclusion: Pap smears is an effective, non-invasive modality and useful in the detection of early diagnosis of cervical cancer and pre-cancerous cervical lesions. 

Aim: To study the histo-morphological diversity of various lesions of the uterus, cervix and adnexa.
Materials and Methods: A Retrospective Histopathological study of 609 cases of nonneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of hysterectomy specimens was conducted in Department of Pathology, over the period from June 2015- May 2017. Hysterectomy specimen with or without unilateral or bilateral adnexa received in the department. The specimens were analyzed in detail macroscopically for various parameters like size, external surface, and consistency and cut sections.
Results: Atrophic changes were seen in 13.46% cases. Endometrial hyperplasia was seen in 26 cases. Among the neoplastic lesions 2.46% cases were endometrial polyps with only 3 cases of malignancy forming 0.49%. Among the histologic types of lesions of myometrium, majority were Leiomyoma (27.59%). Leiomyoma and Adenomyosis were seen in 55 cases (9.04%). Adenomyosis was seen in 22.00%. Chronic cervicitis was seen in 36.07% cases and chronic cystic cervicitis in 6.21% of cases. Nabothian cyst were seen in 124 cases (20.80%). 19.80% cases showed Squamous metaplasia. Out of 188 Ovarian lesions, 167 (88.83%) were non-neoplastic lesions and 21 (11.17%) were neoplastic lesions. Fallopian tube pathology included chronic salpingitis in 2 cases, paratubal cyst in 07 cases. 69.4% of cases show unremarkable fallopian tubes.
Conclusion: The present study provides awareness into the wide range of histopathological patterns of lesions in uterus and cervix in hysterectomy specimens. It aids to appropriate management in the postoperative period.

Aim: To determine the efficacy of ultrasound in the diagnosis of neckswellings.
Methods: This research comprised 50 instances with clinically evident swellings in the neck area. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of ultrasonography diagnosis were assessed for each group of neck swellings. The sensitivity analysis for such a tiny number is invalid since there were only three congenital swellings.
Results: Our research comprised patients of various ages, with a minimum age of 25 days and a maximum age of 82 years, with a mean age of 37.5 years. In our research, 15 (30%) of the patients were men, whereas 35 (70%) were girls.  According to the research, about two-thirds (32) of neck swellings were solid, 5 were cystic, and 13 swellings contained both solid and cystic components. In our investigation, 64% of clinically firm swellings were determined to be solid, whereas the rest were either completely cystic or mixed in nature. This research found that the Sensitivity, Specificity, PPV, and NPV of the US for inflammatory swellings are 87 percent, 97 percent, 95 percent, and 92 percent, respectively. The sensitivity analysis of clinical diagnosis and ultrasound diagnostic for inflammatory swellings.The sensitivity of US in identifying malignant lesions of the neck in 50 patients with neck swellings was 87 percent in this research, with a specificity of 99 percent, PPV 93 percent, and NPV 97 percent.
Conclusion: US can tell the difference between solid and cystic neck swellings, as well as malignant and benign neck swellings. It may detect thyroid, salivary gland, and lymph node lesions, as well as differentiate between abscess and cellulitis.

To calculate the incidence of different types of thyroid lesions in rural people.In the diagnosis and characterisation of various thyroid lesions, ultrasonography is frequently utilised as the first investigative modality.
Objective :To assess the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography in distinguishing benign and malignant thyroid nodules by correlating sonographic findings with pathological diagnosis as a reference..
Method: From June 2020 to  December 2021, a prospective study was conducted on 100 patients who visited the  Apollo medical college and District head quarters hospital,              in the OPD of the department of radio diagnostics. All patients with thyroid swelling, mass, or enlargement were examined with  USG before undergoing FNAC.
Results: Of the 120 Thyroid disease patients in my study, 77 percent were females and 23 percent were males. The patients with the highest number of instances were between the ages of 41 and 50, accounting for 37 percent of all cases. 'Lump in the neck' was the most common complaint. Euthyroidism was the most common diagnosis (73). Solitary Thyroid Nodule was the most prevalent disease found on thyroid sonography (42percent ). The diagnostic accuracy of high resolution sonography in thyroid disorders was 84 percent Sensitivity and 96 percent Specificity.
Conclusion: Many malignant or potentially malignant thyroid nodules can be detected with ultrasonography. Although there is some overlap in the appearance of benign and malignant nodules on ultrasonography, some ultrasonography features can aid distinguish between the two. Even though it can report malignancy of the follicular variety, FNAC can diagnose benign disorders and can also be used as a supplement to ultrasonography features to signal malignancy.

Skin adnexal tumors are very difficult to diagnose and most of the benign tumors present as asymptomatic lesions. Malignant skin adnexal tumors are rare and they exhibit more aggressive clinical course and have potential of metastasis. So it is important to diagnose benign and malignant nature of lesion. Histopathological examination along with clinical findings like anatomic location, number and distribution of lesions helps in diagnosis of skin adnexal lesions. Microscopic architectural features are most important in differentiating benign and malignant tumors. Immunohistochemistry may helps in confirmation of the diagnosis.

An attempt was made to study the Clinicopathological features of 100 ovarian tumours
met with during the period of 2011 to 2013 in the department of obstetrics and
Gynaecology of government general hospital, Kakinada. In 2 years period out of 100
tumours, 79 were benign, 16 were malignant, 5 were borderline malignant. An
incidence of 79% benign, 16% malignant and 5% borderline malignant. The incidence
of ovarian tumours was increased for the past few years. The cause for the increased
incidence was could not be made out. The crystallization of the simple clinical
classification of ovarian tumours in comparison with others were discussed. The
detailed structure of ovary was discussed. The detailed study in relation to age, parity,
socioeconomic status, educational standard, blood group, diet, menstrual function, signs
and symptoms, histological patterns and the treatment adopted with follow up of cases
in some were discussed at length with reference to benign and malignant tumours of the
ovary. Highest incidence of benign tumours was seen in the active reproductive age
group, whereas for malignant tumours the maximum incidence was seen between 41
and 60 years. Majority of malignant tumours noticed in multiparous women with low
socioeconomic status. However, the risk of malignancy was noticed more in nulliparous
compared to benign tumours. Largest group of women were illiterate. Early menarche
and late menopause were associated with increased risk of ovarian cancer. No definite
correlation was detected in particular blood group. The gross Histopathological study of
all tumours were studied and their correlation with functional aspect of the tumour
were stressed whenever possible. The incidence of all various histopathological pattern
of both benign and malignant were thoroughly studied. In 4 patients ovarian tumours
developed from retained ovaries after hysterectomy operation. 3 patients underwent
abdominal hysterectomy previously for dysfunctional uterine blooding, among this 1
patient developed malignant ovarian tumours and 2 patient s developed benign tumour.
One patient underwent vaginal hysterectomy for prolapse uterus, benign tumour
developed from retained ovary

Aim: To analyze the clinical presentation and histopathological types of ovarian malignancies.
Material and methods: A Prospective hospital based observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at VIMS, Dahanu for the period of 1.5 years. Total 100 cases of ovarian tumours were included in this study. The tumours were cut and allowed to fix in 10% formalin for 24-48 hours. After formalin fixation, multiple bits were taken for histopathological examination. The blocks were cut at 3-5 microns thickness and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin. Detailed microscopic examination of the tumour was done.
Results: Out of 100 cases of ovarian tumours, 71 were benign, 6 were tumours of low malignant potential and 23 were malignant. The youngest patient was 12 months and the oldest was 67 years forming a range of 18 months to 67 years. Highest incidence of ovarian tumour was noted in the 40-50years 38cases out of 100 cases accounting for 38%. Highest incidence of benign ovarian tumour was noted in 30-40 years 26 cases out of 71 accounting for 36.62%. Highest incidence of malignant tumour was noted in the 40-50years 12 out of 23 cases accounting for 52.17%. 37% of the patients complained of dull aching lower abdominal pain, 24% complained of abdominal mass and 6% of the patients gave history of menstrual disturbance like menorrhagia. Urinary disturbances were found in 5% patients with tumours. Out of 100 patients 9 patients were not married and all were below twenty years of age. Among married, 83were parous and remaining were 8 nulliparous. Out of 100 cases of ovarian tumors, 29 were associated with appendicitis and 14 were associated with uterovaginal prolapse.
Conclusion: The ovarian tumors manifest a complex and varied spectrum of clinical, morphological and pathological features. Correlating the clinical parameters and categorizing the tumors according to the WHO classification help us in coming to an early diagnosis, management and hence in the prognosis of ovarian tumors.

Background: Tumours of the ovary are common forms of neoplasms in women. The pathology of ovarian neoplasms is one of the most complex areas of gynaecology, because the ovary gives rise to the greater and larger variety of tumours than any other organ. While in other organs, tissue of origin is usually clear, tissue from which an ovarian tumour arises is often uncertain and most of the development of the presumptive tissue is often in disparity.
Objectives: To determine the nature of ovarian masses presented to Department of Pathology, CIMS during the last 2 years.
Methodology: The present retrospective record based observational study was conducted by the department of Pathology from March 2022 to May 2022 from the data of the patients from the records from January 2019 to December 2021. All the specimen obtained in the Department of Pathology for Histopathological examination during the study period from the patients diagnosed with ovarian lesion in the hospital were included for the study.
Results: In the present study majority (29%) of them belonged to 30 to 40 years of age, 23% of them were aged less than 20 years. In the present study 65% of them complained of Mass per abdomen, 40% of them had pain in abdomen, 10% had ascites, 9% had menstrual irregularities, 5% had infertility related issues and 5% of them were asymptomatic in nature. The highest incidence of Benign tumor was seen in the age group of 30 to 40 years (32.5%), in the age group of less than 20 years it was 25.9%. The Malignant tumor was found to be more common those aged more than 40 years with 26% of them in 40 to 50 years of age, 21.7% of them in 50 to 60 years of age.
Conclusion: In conclusion, a variety of clinical factors, including the patient's age, presenting symptoms, the location and size of the lump and the histological type of the ovarian tumour, are all connected. All of these clinical and histomorphological characteristics, as well as cutting-edge, more modern diagnostic techniques like immunohistochemistry and morphometric analysis, can aid in early diagnosis, the planning of a course of therapy and prognostic information.

Background: The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the accuracy of TNAB for the
diagnosis of benign and malignant lung lesions.
Methods: The present study included 50 patients from June 2020 to June 2021. Our
retrograde study on CT- guided or ultrasound guided lung biopsy on tertiary care center of
Bihar Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Science.
Results: Out of malignant lesions, most were adenocarcinoma 71.87% followed by
squamous cell carcinoma 15.63%, poorly differentiated carcinoma 9.38% and non-hodgkins
lymphoma 3.12%. In the benign lesions, most of the cases were non-specific inflammatory
lesion 44.45% followed by granulomatous lesion 27.78%, A-V malformation 11.12%,
neurofibroma 5.55%, spindle cell lesion 5.55% and necrosis 5.55%.
Conclusion: The ability to diagnose only malignant lesions by TNAB would markedly limit
the efficacy of that technique, since surgery would be performed on most malignant lesions
diagnosed by TNAB as well as on the lesions not diagnosed by TNAB.

Aim: To compare modalities like ultrasonography (USG) and computed tomography (CT) in
the evaluation of suspicious ovarian masses.
Methodology: This prospective comparative study was carried out in the Department of
Radiology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College and Hospital, Kumarhatti, Solan,
Himachal Pradesh for a period of 12 months. Total 50 women were included in this
prospective study. All patients underwent abdominal Ultrasonography and CT scan with
determination of the ovarian mass characteristics. Detailed history of allergy and renal
function tests were taken before doing CT scan and if there was history of allergy then nonionic
contrast was used. Site, size, papillary projections, wall characteristics, capsular
infiltrations, the presence of solid areas inside the mass and presence of as cites were
recorded both by US and CT scan.
Results: Out of 50 patients, majority of patients belonged to 40-50 years of age group (19,
38%) followed by 30-40 years of age group (10, 20%). 8 patients (16%) belonged to 20-30
years age group, 7 (14%) belonged to 50-60 years, 60 years of age group included 3
patients each. There are total 29 cases of Pre-menopausal stage and 21 cases of Postmenopausal
stage having ovarian cyst. Out of 29 cases of Pre-menopausal conditions have 7
number of malignant and 22 number of benign type of ovarian masses. In the Postmenopausal
group there are 17 cases of malignant and 4 cases of benign ovarian mass was observed.
Overall, CT was found to have 96% sensitivity, 92% specificity, and an accuracy of 92% in
the differentiation of benign and malignant ovarian masses, while PPV and NPV were 94%
and 90%, respectively. The sensitivity of USG was 90%, specificity was 86% and PPV and
NPV were 88% and 86% respectively.
Conclusion: CT and USG imaging all have approximately similar accuracy in staging
ovarian carcinoma but the sensitivity of CT scan for all ovarian cancer detection greater than
that of US. Among women with ovarian disorders, CT can be primarily in patients with
ovarian malignancies, either to assess disease extent prior to surgery or as a substitute for
second look laparotomy.

Skin cancer is a dangerous disease. Benign and malignant melanomas are one of the skin cancer diseases. Melanoma is a highly dangerous disease. It can be curable if it is detected early. Benign can be cured easily but malignant cannot be cured fastly. Benign and malignant melanoma appears in the  early stages while differentiating them. Different methods have been used for differentiating them. Skin cancer can be detected in early stages by visualizing with clinical screening by dermoscopic analysis. Detecting automatically skin lesion is a typical task. Skin cancer symptoms are small blood vessels visible, thickened patch, ulcers and bleed. Skin cancer detected by capturing images with a skin magnifier with polarized light and diagnosed with deep learning classifier in which data augmentation and weights can be added to it. In this CNN classifier is used in which RESNET-50 and VGG-16 were used in which image were resized and weights were added and then the augmentation of the data can be done.

INTRODUCTION: The neck is a part of the body that has many vital structures in a relatively small region with complex anatomy. Various pathologies of the neck may present as neck swellings. The mass may be first noticed by the patient, other individual or by the physician as an incidental finding during physical examination. With the improvement of CT imaging techniques, shorter examination time, higher resolution imaging, Multidetector CT is particularly useful in evaluation of neck masses. AIM OF STUDY: To assess the role of MDCT in neck masses for characterization of nature of lesion (benign or malignant) and organ of origin and to Correlate with tissue diagnosis wherever possible. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients presenting with clinical suspicion of neck masses and referred for MDCT neck to the Department of Radio-diagnosis and Imaging, DMCH, Ludhiana were included in this study. RESULTS: 18.9% patients were in 31-40 years age group. Mean age for malignant lesions was 58.3 years. Most common space involved was visceral space (48.9%) and the most common diagnosis was benign thyroid nodule(s) (30%). Many of malignant lesions showed ill-defined margins (68.18%), necrosis (62.5%), heterogeneous enhancement (68.2%), bony infiltration (20.8%), obliteration of fat planes (8.3%), metastasis (45.8%), involvement of adjacent neck spaces (37.5%), vascular involvement in form of internal jugular vein thrombosis (8.3%) of cases. In diagnosing malignant lesions, CT had a sensitivity of 95.83%, specificity of 96.30%, positive predictive value of 92.00%, negative predictive value of 98.11% and accuracy of 96.15%. CONCLUSION: MDCT has high accuracy for characterization of a lesion as benign or malignant. It provides the best possible contrast of soft tissue (with the choice of appropriate delay, contrast agent volume, flow rate and scanning time), visualization of vascular structures, extent of lesion, bone and airway details, thus helps in making diagnosis and deciding further course of management.

Thyroid lesions are one of the common conditions encountered in clinical practice. The diseases of thyroid are of great importance because most of them are amenable to medical or surgical treatment. Often it is difficult to make an accurate diagnosis by clinical evaluation alone. Hence Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) study of such lesions along with clinical evaluation is emphasized in order to aid towards accurate diagnosis. A uniform reporting system for thyroid FNA will facilitate effective communication among cytopathologists, endocrinologists, surgeons, radiologists, and other health care providers. Also, it will facilitate cytologic-histologic correlation for thyroid diseases, facilitate research into the epidemiology, molecular biology, pathology and diagnosis of thyroid diseases, particularly neoplasia and allow easy and reliable sharing of data from different laboratories for national and international collaborative studies. The present study aims at diagnosing various thyroid diseases based upon cytomorphological features in FNAC.