European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Background: The root causes of infertility in about 15percent of infertile women are
intrauterine pathologies. Several uterine defects, such as septum intrauterine adhesions,
endometrial polyps or submucous myomas, may interfere with implantation and cause
spontaneous abortion. The uterine cavity can be assessed by using variable diagnostic methods,
such as hysterosalpingography, transvaginal ultrasound, sonohysterography and hysteroscopy.
Objective:Our research aims at assessing the significance of the sonohysterography in vaginal
hysteroscopic correlation in the assessment of uterine cavity disease.
Methods:In 48 women suspected of having intrauterine abnormality, this prospective crosssectional
analysis was carried out. Between days 7 and 10 of the menstrual cycle,
sonohysterography was done. In the mid proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle for
premenopausal women ,hysteroscopy was done. Histopathology was our gold standard
reference.

Background:High rate of cesarean section is accompanied by higher rate of complications.
Niche, which is a uterine wall defect is one of these recognized complications. Our study's aim
was to find out how common abnormal uterine bleeding is among women who have had
caesarean sections.
Subjects and methods: 195 women who had at least one prior cesarean section and complaining
of vaginal spotting after the menstrual period admitted at the cytogenetics endoscopic unit,
Zagazig University Hospitals.Office hysteroscopy was used to check for the presence of a
caesarean section niche in the patients.
Results: By hysteroscopy, there was a statistically significant difference between patients with
and without niche regarding age (P value, 0.001), number of previous CSs (P value < 0.001),
hypertension (P value <0.001), post-menstrual spotting (P value, 0.002), dysmenorrhea (P value
< 0.161) and chronic pelvic pain (P value, 0.547).
Conclusion: There is an association between the number of previous CS and development of a
niche.CS niche is linked to dysmenorrhea and chronic pelvic pain.

The perimenopause period is characterized by a gradual extinction of ovarian function, during which hypoluteinism is replaced by anovulation with relative hyperestrogenia and then hypoestrogenia. At any stage of perimenopause, there is a high probability of the formation of menstrual dysfunction, in particular, abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). The frequency of AUB
in premenopause reaches 60-70% among gynecological diseases [5, 12, 18]. Today, hysteroscopy is becoming increasingly important as a method for detecting intrauterine pathology in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. [11.13]. The pathology of the endometrium and uterine cavity is represented by hyperplastic processes, uterine body leiomyoma, developmental abnormalities (Müller's abnormalities), inflammatory and immunopathological conditions, tumor processes that are clinically manifested by abnormal bleeding, as well as changes in neighboring organs and systems resulting from tumor damage.