European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Background
During the first month of 2020 and the outbreak of a new coronavirus disease (COVID-19), Almazar District Sanitry, Epidemiological Welfare, and Public Health Service (Service) staff took the necessary measures to prevent the disease. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of the work performed by the Sanitary Epidemiological Welfare and Public Health Service and public health staff during this pandemic by analyzing the epidemiological chart and survey.
Methods
A retrospective study of 1900 “epidemiological cards” from the epidemiology department of the Sanitary Epidemiological Welfare and Public Health Service activity in Almazar district and
a questionnaire to its staff and employees was selected based on the analysis of the epidemiological investigation was conducted. The questionnaire was selected using Google Docs, and in Google Docs the questionnaire was created and sent through social media channels. A Likert scale was used to mark (1=yes, 2=partially, 3=no, 4=difficult to answer). The data from the sanitary epidemiological Welfare and Health service were analyzed using the SPSS program.

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the lifestyle of all people. This study was conducted to study the impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on the quality of life among the general population in the rural area of Chengalpattu district, Tamil Nadu.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This Community based Cross-sectional study done after the second wave of COVID 19 pandemic in India, included 424 participants from the rural health training center’s field practicing area of a tertiary care private hospital in Chgengalpattu district of Tamil Nadu. After obtaining informed consent, data were collected through house to house survey using the WHO-BREF questionnaire which assessed the quality of life including physical health, Mental health, Social relationship and Environmental domains. Along with it, socio-demographic details of the participants were also obtained. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21.
RESULTS: The Quality of life of the people is better with 52.4% of participant’s scores falling above the mean score of 253.59(+/- 57.81). 59.2% of the participants showed better physical health with a mean score above 68.21(+/- 21.7). 51.9% and 54.0 % of the participants had good mental health and social relationship respectively. 52.6% of the participants enjoyed a good physical environment during the pandemic with a mean score of 65.56(+/-16.9). There is a strong association between quality of life and socio-demographic factors like age (p = 0.00); Gender (p = 0.003); Marital status (p = 0.024); Education (p = 0.000 ); Socio-economic status during the pandemic (p = 0.000) and Occupation (p = 0.000 ), which was statistically significant.
CONCLUSION: Despite the pandemic 52.4% of the participants had a better quality of life. This may be due to subsidies and free rations from the government to the people. Also, people in the productive age group with better education and occupation had a good quality of life. This implies that, the government’s plan should focus on  better education to the children and improvement of employment opportunities

Aim: The COVID-19 global pandemic had resulted in a rise in a spike of Mucormycosis (black fungus) in COVID-19 individuals and diabetes is a standalone risk factor for both severe COVID-19 and black fungus, especially in India. We sought to find out how often CAM (Covid 19-associated Mucormycosis) was among both diabetes and non-diabetic individuals.
Method: The data was gathered from Kaushik pathology Lab, Barara, Ambala, Haryana. The study includes 300 patients divided into 2 groups. Both the groups comprise of 150 patients each. Group 1 consist of patients with diabetes whereas group 2 comprise of non-diabetic patients. Prevalence of CAM was then noted in both the groups.
Result: The study showed that in group 1, 74.4% cases were reported as CAM and 25.6% cases were identified as non-CAM whereas in group 2, only 38.4% CAM cases were reported in non-diabetic patients and majority of them (61.6%) were evaluated as non-CAM. A significant difference was also observed between the prevalence rate of both the groups (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: A significant difference in the CAM cases of both the groups was observed. Interestingly diabetic patients were found to be more prevalent to be infected with CAM. Further, it was concluded that New-onset diabetes was the predominant risk factor for CAM in our study. COVID-19 being other important ones for Mucormycosis in COVID-19 patients.

The COVID-19 pandemic emerged in conjunction with changes in many areas of life that need to reassessed and adjusted. These changes are also reflected in dermatology outpatient and inpatient clinics. Lay man may perceive scabies as a simple skin disease that causes itching. However, sometimes it may be life-threatening disease that can cause serious complications and death due to secondary bacterial infections and septicaemia.
Objective: To study the socio demographic and cutaneous manifestations of scabies epidemic during covid19 pandemic.
Material and methods: The present cross sectional observational study was carried out at Department of Dermatology, KBN teaching and General Hospital Kalaburagi which includes 200 clinical diagnosed cases of scabies.
Results: Out of these 200 cases, majority were from 21-30 years age group (29%) followed by age group from11-20 years (26%), age group 1-10 years (18%). Males outnumbered females with 63% and remaining 37% were females. 94.5% of the patients were from lower socioeconomic status. Among the 200 patients 44.5% were students, 21.5% were housemakers, 13.5% were labourer, 9.5% were job and 3.5% were self-employed. On examination, upper limbs were commonly involved (86.5%) followed by Inter digital cleft (68%), Genitals (47%), Abdomen (37%).
Conclusion: In our study most commonly affected age group was 21-30 years (29%) followed by 11-20 years (26%) with male preponderancehigh as 63%. 59% patients were from rural area and 47.5% were illiterate. Scabietic lesions were commonly found on the upper limb (86.5%) and interdigital cleft (68%). Coinfections were found in the form of fungal infection in 15% cases.

To study the High Resolution Computed Tomography manifestations in the evaluation of COVID-19 suspected and diagnosed patients and study its correlation in respect to CT severity scoring with symptomology, comorbidities, lab parameters and oxygen requirement in the study group.
Methods: This was a descriptive study conducted between August 2020 to October 2022 at Dr D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pune after taking necessary approval by the institutional scientific and ethics committee. 500 patients meeting the inclusion criteria for the study were included in the study after taking a written informed consent from all the patients.
Results: A total of 500 study participants were included; of them 27% (n=133) were categorized as mild on the basis of CT severity score, 51% (n=257) were categorized as moderate and 78 participants (15.6%) were categorized as severe. Thirty two (6.4%) patients who were suspected for having COVID-19 infection and being diagnosed as COVID- 19 positive on RTPCR tests showed normal HRCT scans. Our study group included 311 male and 189 female patients.  Ground glass opacities were the. Most common typical CT chest manifestation in our study group seen in all of severe patients followed by 97.3% in moderate groups, 94.7% in mild group. Consolidation was seen in 55.1% of severe patients followed by 31.9% in moderate disease groups, 15.8% in mild group. Bilateral involvement of lung parenchyma on HRCT was more common and was seen to affect 84.8% (n=429) of total population there was a lower lobe preponderance in early and mild disease with the right lower lobe being the most common lobe being affected followed by the left lower lobe. In our study group, atypical findings of COVID 19 disease on HRCT were seen in 24 % (n=120) of total population. In our study groups, among the atypical findings pleural effusion is the most common atypical finding which was seen in 10.2% (n=51) of total study population followed by mediastinal lymphadenopathy which was seen in 9.2% (n=46) of total study population.  The mean number of days since symptoms was highest for patients in severe disease category (7.3 days) followed by moderate group (5.3 days) and mild group (3.0 days).  In our study oxygenation support was required for 64.1% of patients in severe group followed by 39.3% in moderate group and 6.8% in mild group.
Conclusions: COVID 19 disease has had a significant negative impact on the healthcare system all across the world and CT imaging plays an important role in assessing disease severity and progression. Our study supports the use of HRCT in patients with COVID-19 infection, which could be used as a rapid and an effective gatekeeper to rule-out patients with a low likelihood of disease

We plan to study the prevalence of COVID infection in the health care
workers working both in COVID and non-COVID facility and also identify source of
infection, the demographic pattern, difference in infection rate in health care workers
working in COVID facility and non-COVID facility, compliance to use of PPE and
following social distancing norms.Material Method:The RT PCR Positive health care
workers were interviewed telephonically with informed consent for presence of
symptoms, source of infection, method of donning and doffing of PPE while working in
COVID and Non COVID facility, social distancing norms followed or not followed.
Result: 117 staffs got tested. 40 found positive by RT PCR. The infection rate was more
amongst staff working in non-COVID facility (65%) in comparison to COVID facility
(22.5%). Infection rate among nursing staff was the highest (40%), followed by Doctors
(35%), technicians and attendants. Male were more affected than females. 25 staffs
reported not wearing appropriate PPE, 16 staffs reported breaching social distancing
protocol. Conclusion: Though all health care workers are equally trained during
COVID pandemic, there is somehow low adherence to infection prevention practices
among the health care workers working in non-COVID facility, thereby increasing the
risk to infection. Non COVID facility staffs need to be specifically targeted for training
and implementation of infection prevention practices

Severe Acute respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2/COVID 19) infection was firstly described in Wuhan, China during December 2019. Covid 19 patient can present with numerous clinical presentations ranging from Asymptomatic to critical clinical courses. HRCT thorax findings proved to be crucial in assessing the clinical course of patients requiring treatment.
Materials And Methods: It was a cross sectional study done in Dr D Y Patil Medical College. Patients >12 years of age who were RT PCR Positive for COVID 19 and met the inclusion criteria were selected for the study. After which they were categorized in to mild moderate category according to guidelines. HRCT was done for all patients and CT severity score was also assessed
Results: We evaluated a sample population of 100 patients. The most predominant symptoms in the moderate category were shortness of breath. The most common radiological abnormality noted was Ground glass opacity (50%) with 43patients in mild and 7 patients in moderate category. Lung involvement in mild stage was only 20 to 40% when compared to that of moderate category where the lung involvement was 50 to 60% and this showed statistical significance
Conclusion: CT scoring could help to identify patient’s risk and predict outcome of patient with COVID 19 Pneumonia. The extent of lung involvement is highly correlated with parameters of disease such as clinical staging. Finally, our study strongly supports the use of chest CT in patient with the covid 19 pneumonia, which could be used as a tool for rapid and effective method to evaluate the lung involvement. It can also help in taking clinical decision

Efforts to prevent the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 infection are critical in light of the ongoing worldwide spread of COVID-19. Recently developed diagnostic tools include CRISPR, IgG tests, spike protein detection, and artificial intelligence. RT-PCR has been replaced with point-of-care assays, which may be performed at the patient's bedside (RT-PCR). All of these options are available to treat the disease: antivirals and other antiparasitic agents, anti-inflammatory medications like interferon or convalescent plasma, monoclonal antibodies like gamma-globulin, and RNAi treatments like mesenchymal stem cell therapy are among the options (ECMO). More than a dozen different types of vaccines are now being tested in clinical studies. Furthermore, breakthrough technologies that are easily deployable and transportable.In addition, vaccination delivery technologies are being developed. The threat of a second wave of infection needs strict and reasonable control mechanisms to keep mortality to a minimal when governments begin to loosen their lockdown tactics. Research into COVID-19's advances in diagnostics and treatment may serve as a platform for future research that can lead to improved containment strategies.

Aim: The devastating consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak have forced security personnel to alter their methods and behaviors. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge, functioning and future implications  of COVID-19 on the lives of security guards.
Methodology: A cross sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among the 296 security guards of Bhubaneswar city. A 18-item, closed-ended, self-structured questionnaire was designed to gather data. The questionnaire was designed on a 2 point likert scale. Data were analysed using IBM's SPSS version 26.0 for the Social Sciences. The frequency and percentages were used to describe categorical values. Chi-Square test and ANOVA were employed. The level of significance was fixed at 0.05.
 
Results: The majority of participants were between the ages of 31 and 40 (n=132, 44.6%) and that between 13,000 and 15,000 was the average monthly income for the security guards. All the participants were aware about the COVID -19 pandemic and its affect on human body. Sixty three personnel had been detected positive for COVID-19 and none of them used any preventive measures. About 97% of the guards agreed that the pandemic had an influence on their work. Only 3% of the guards had taken on other jobs as a secondary source of income.
Conclusion: Security guards are an essential group of front-line healthcare providers offering additional services in the management of COVID-19.COVID-19 had a great impact on the economic lives of the security guards.

March 2020, as the Covid-19 entered the doors of India, all the doors of the school, colleges and universities were forced to shut their doors. That situation forced a universal shift to online teaching which affected the normal aspects of teachers, students, and parents also. The usage of online resources and self-personal improvement noticed a positive impact on Covid-19.  India is an evolving country, and thus the adaptation of the online education system is complicated for the management, student, and faculty of fifty percent of higher educational institutions with existing facilities. The additional demonstrative baggage of insecurity besides fears around job safety, physical and psychological health and income capital, and many more are bound. It leads to a great impact and made the sudden, and for many a rather unwelcome, transition to online teaching. Scope of this paper to analyze the positive and negative impact of Covid-19 on the higher education sector and the life of Higher Educational Institute students and faculty. The survey is carried out in one of the rural universities located in the southern part of India to analyze the impact of Covid on Indian rural Higher Educational institutions

Background: COVID-19 is a pandemic spread all over the world. This disease has imposed a huge burden on health resources. Evaluation of clinical profiles of such patients can help in understanding and managing the pandemic more efficiently.
Methods: This was a cross sectional observational study of 100 diagnosed COVID-19 patients admitted to JIIU’s, IIMSR, from April to June 2021. All these patients were positive for COVID-19 by an oro-nasopharyngeal swab rt-PCR based testing.
Results: The mean age of the population was 45 years with a male predominance (72% patients). All the patients (100 %) were symptomatic, with fever being the most common symptom (85%), followed by cough (62%).
Conclusion: Severity based approach to COVID -19 infections, with defined criteria and treatment guidelines will help in judicious utilization of health-care resources

Many patients with covid 19 infection have increased blood sugar at the time of admission. Some of them are not a known diabetic patients before. The covid infection and the use of steroids in treatment worsens the glygemic status of the patients. The hyperglycemia has a significant impact on the outcome . This study compares the management of hyperglycemia in covid 19 patients using subcutaneous insulin with the use of continuous insulin infusion.
Methods :
This is a single centered , prospective , case control study conducted in a tertiary care centre for a period of 6 months. Covid 19 patients with moderate and severe symptoms who are admitted with hyperglycemia are recruited for the study. They were randomised into Group A who were treated with continuous intravenous insulin infusion and Group B who were treated with subcutaneous insulin. The mortality , duration of hospital stay and the hypoglycemic events were studied as outcome.
Results :
During the study period 316 patients with admission blood sugar ≥ 200 mg/dl were recruited in the study. Of the 163 patients in group A who were treated with intravenous insulin infusion 12 patient died and of the 153 patients in group B who were treated with subcutaneous insulin 23 died. The mean duration of stay among the group A and and group B was 3.28 and 4.71 days respectively. The number of hypoglycemic events  in group A were 24 and in group B were 17 which was not statistically significant.
Conclusion :
The continuous intravenous insulin infusion strategy to treat hyperglycemia in covid 19 patients has a significant reduction in the mortality and duration of hospital stay without significant increase in hypoglycemic events

Background: The new 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), according to the World Health Organization (WHO), has been characterized as a pandemic. As more is being discovered about this virus, we aim to report findings of the complete blood count (CBC) of COVID-19 patients. Methods: A total of 100 patients were admitted at the Noor Hospital of JIIU’s IIMSR, Jalna. The CBCs of these patients, following a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, were analyzed and a significant P P<0.05 was found after a full statistical analysis.
Results: CBC analysis revealed changes in the levels of red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Conclusion: Clinicians should expect similar findings when dealing with the new COVID-19. This would serve in providing physicians with important knowledge on the changes that can be expected from the CBC of COVID-19 patients.

On 11th march 2020, The World Health Organisation had declared COVID- 19 as a Pandemic. The virus engulfed the entire world causing disease ranging from no to minimal symptoms to full blown respiratory and multiorgan systemic infection. Many deaths were reported due to COVID 19 infection. The autopsy on COVID 19 deceased could be useful to add more information about pathophysiology in different vital organs during the course of COVID 19 infection. The present study reports a series of autopsy findings conducted upon the deceased which were either diagnosed COVID-19 positive before death by rapid antigen test and RT-PCR or which turned out to be incidentally positive after death while conducting rapid antigen test before commencement of autopsy. The gross and histopathological examination findings were discussed in the present study

Background & Aim: Impression making is one of the most common procedures that are performed by dentist in day to day practice. These impressions can act as vehicle of transmission and carry various type of microorganism. The aim was to assess the knowledge attitude and practice of current trends about dental prosthesis and impression disinfection method amongst dental laboratories; perspectives as per Covid-19 pandemic.
Materials and Methods: A survey was and the contact details of nearby dental laboratories were obtained from the State Registry of Indian Dental Association. Emails, contact number and postal address were recorded for study purposes. A questionnaire was designed to conduct the survey; it has total eight questions related to disinfection method used in dental laboratories as per COVID-19 perspective. The questions were prepared to include various aspects of disinfection method used by dental laboratories as per COVID-19 protocols. All data was sent for statistical analysis for further analysis and interpretations. P value less than 0.05 was taken as significant.
Statistical Analysis & Results: Statistical analysis was performed by using statistical package for the Social Sciences software. Results showed that out of 85 subjects who filled out the Google form, for the question item, “DO YOU DISINFECT THE DENTAL IMPRESSION?” maximum (67.1%) respondents selected the choice “YES” followed by the choice “SOMETIMES” as chosen by 28.2%. The significant difference was found in the proportion of various choice selections among the respondents. Out of 85 subjects who filled out the Google form, for the question item, “HOW DO YOU DISINFECT THE DENTAL IMPRESSION?”, maximum (29.4%) respondents selected the choice “WATER THEN SPRAY” followed by the choice “SPRAY AND IMMERSE” and “IMMERSE ONLY” as chosen by 21.2% for both.
Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, it was concluded that practices and awareness among dental technicians regarding cross-infection control are very less than required, and this seems to increase the risk of transmission of diseases. This survey indicates that knowledge among the personnel participated in the study is less than ideal.

Background and Objectives - Covid -19 is a pandemic, which is known to be a multi organ disease with complex clinical manifestations. Covid 19 virus has predilection for lung involvement but can also cause hepatic dysfunction. This study aims to analyze the significance of abnormal liver function tests in SARS- COV2 positive patients.
METHOD- This retrospective study, involved 150 patients (75 MALES, 75 FEMALES) who tested positive for SARS COV2. After obtaining clearance from the ethical committee, clinical and biochemical data were collected retrospectively from patient records, for a period of six months. They were segregated into severe  and non severe SARS COV2 infected individuals.  liver function test  were compared among patients between these 2 groups.
RESULTS-
Of the 150 covid- 19 positive patients, 75 were males and 75 were females. The mean age was 50±5 years. 95 patients belonged to the non severe covid-19 category (22 hypoxic and 73 non hypoxic patients), who were admitted in the ward. 55 patients belonged to the severe covid -19 category (hypoxic patients who required NIV/ ventilator support), admitted in the ICU.
Severe hypoalbuminemia 63% , was observed in the severe category, compared to 6.32%  in the non- severe category. Raised transaminases were observed in 60%  in the severe category, compared to 23.15% in the non severe category.
The incidence of death observed in the ICU in our study was 25.45%, of which 35% were female patients and 64.28%  were male patients.
CONCLUSION- Hypoalbuminemia, raised transaminases and bilirubin were observed in covid-19 patients admitted in the ICU, indicating, they could be considered as a poor prognostic factor.

Background: COVID-19 pandemic originated in the city of Wuhan in Hubie province of China and within three months of its origin the disease extended to nearly 221 countries in the world.
Objective: The objective is Study of hematological and various biochemical Markers in COVID-19 patients admitted in a tertiary care centre .
Methodology: In this single-center study, records of 170  patients hospitalized with COVID-19 were studied for hematological profile and biochemical markers. Records of patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 disease hospitalized between April  2020, to August  2020, were included in the analysis.
Result: A total of 170  patients were enrolled of Age Group  20-80 year of which 80% (136/170) were asymptomatic and 20% (34/170) symptomatic. 17% patients had co-existing illnesses. Clinical spectrum among COVID-19 patients varied from being asymptomatic to having symptoms like fever, dry cough, breathlessness with few progressing to respiratory failure and multi-organ failure. In our study, 96.0% (163/170) recovered while 4.0% (7/170) died. Mean age, total leucocyte count (TLC), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ,Procalcitonin, CRP, D dimer of severely ill patients were significantly higher than those of patients with non-severe illness.
Conclusion: The clinicians may consider the hematological and biochemical parameters in the patients with COVID-19 in future decision-making.  Elevated NLR, TLC, LDH, C-Reactive Protein, Procalcitonin, D dimer and lymphopenia were seen in the symptomatic patients especially manifesting severe disease. Early intervention and periodic monitoring of these parameters in patients, especially with severe disease may help in improving disease outcome

Artificial intelligence (AI)/digital employees, or metaphorical software robots (bots), are the foundation of the business process automation technology known as robotic process automation (RPA). The term "software robotics" has been used sometimes (not to be confused with robot software). Using internal application programming interfaces (APIs) or specialized scripting languages, a software developer creates a set of steps to automate a job and interface to the back-end system in conventional workflow automation technologies. RPA systems, on the other hand, create the action list by seeing the user carry out the job in the graphical user interface (GUI) of the programme, and then carry out the automation by repeating those actions directly in the GUI. In products that may not normally have APIs for this purpose, this can lessen the barrier to the usage of automation. Nowadays, monitoring every day covid status is not possible for an individual. So, the plan is to send an updated covid status through email automatically to the end users by using Robotic Process Automation (RPA). The main goal of this paper is to send corona information to the end users who are in need of covid details. For this, the end user wants to provide their email id and country name which they want to know about. The rest of the RPA process will be done by the bot using data scraping. Then email automation will be done to send email automatically. It is easy to check the required particular data from the cluster of data. It is easy to read and understand for all end users. 

Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in India, having caused 29 500 000 confirmed cases and 374 000 deaths as of June 14, 2021, continues to have devastating consequences, including a large epidemic of COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (COVID-Mucor), manifesting as rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM), which has worsened the morbidity among vulnerable populations (JHU, 2021) ¹. Reports have shown a much larger surge in the incidence of COVID-Mucor during the second wave in 2021 than during the first wave (Patel et al., 2021; Moorthy et al., 2021) ^{2, 3}. This rapid rise in COVID-Mucor is probably caused by several factors. For patients with diabetes mellitus, lockdowns, travel restrictions, and restricted access to medical care have worsened glycaemic control, the central risk factor for ROCM in India (Chakrabarti et al., 2006) ⁴. Addressing these could reduce morbidity and mortality among vulnerable populations.
Material and Methods: A Retrospective chart review was conducted in Department of General medicine Dr S N Medical College Jodhpur among population included all rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis patients with Covid-19 infection who were admitted in Mucormycosis ward, Dr S N Medical College Jodhpur from Oct. 2020 to Sept 2021. Bed head tickets of all these patients were reviewed. The final outcome was noted from the bed head ticket, the outcome was correlated with random blood sugar and HbA1c level at admission.
Conclusion: Mucormycosis is angioinvasive fungal disease with significant morbidity and mortality. The disease has risen dramatically due to interplay of COVID 19 pandemic, uncontrolled diabetes and inappropriate corticosteroid use leading to pathogenic invasion and adverse outcomes. The treatment involves early detection, surgical debridement and antifungal drugs for better survival. Our study revealed an evident role of hyperglycemia as major risk factor for mucormycosis infection. Those patients who had HbA1c> 10 could not survive inspite of best treatment and those patients who survived their hospital stay was directly proportional to their HbA1c level. All those patients who had cerebral involvement could not be saved. Hence, we suggest that closely tracking the levels of blood sugar in COVID-19 patients is a valuable tool to stratify the risk that a patient will have mucormycosis.

Background: Thrombocytopenia in covid 19 patients were important for treatment and management of the disease. Main objective of the study was to assess thrombocytopenia and its association with disease severity among covid 19 patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 160 patients from April 2020 to December 2020.Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected. Thrombocytopenia has been implicated in patients infected with SARS Cov 2. Results: Among 160 patients, majority were males with mild severity. Platelet count were decreased in severe cases when compared to mild and moderate severity cases and found to be statistically significant(p<0.05).Conclusion: platelet count was an independent risk factor for COVID 19 patients.

To study the cutaneous adverse effects of the personal protective tools on the general population.
INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 global pandemic has mandated the use of personal protective equipment to protect the healthcare workers and the general public from contracting the virus. However, these tools and equipment can have certain dermatological or cutaneous effects on the skin. We aim to study these effects through this study.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross sectional  study was carried on the family members of healthcare workers working at Rajarshi Dashrath Autonomous State Medical College , Ayodhya , Uttar pradesh.
A semi open ended pretested questionnaire was developed using google forms and was distributed by social media applications & sites.
RESULTS: Out of the 394 responses received 55.1% were male and 44.9% females; the maximum cutaneous adverse effects were reported with the use of masks (77%) followed by sanitizers(56.7%) and soaps(46.7%). Dryness of skin (75.37%)was the most common adverse effect followed by contact dermatitis(50.2%).
CONCLUSION: In the present study, we reported the cutaneous findings due to the usage of personal protective equipment among the the general population which can be used as scoping base to devise equipment with these considerations to make it more user friendly and acceptable to the general population

Background:Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel corona virus
called SARS-CoV. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test
remains the reference standard to make a definitive diagnosis. However few COVID-19
patients with pulmonary involvement on computed tomography have negative results of
RT-PCR, owing to limitation of nucleic acid detection technologies, sampling errors and
low virus load. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse the key features of HRCT
imaging in patients with COVID 19. Aims and objectives: To study various HRCT
findings in COVID 19 patients.
Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was done from January 2021 to June 2021
at department of Respiratory medicine at tertiary care hospital in Mysore. The study
included 100 patients who were laboratory confirmed cases of Covid 19 and who were
subjected to HRCT chest as per guidelines.
Results: In our study, we found that, 24 (24%) patients had 0 lobe involvement and the
rest 75 (75%) had at least one lobe being involved. 48 (48%) patients had all 5 lobes
involved. Of the 76 patients, who had abnormality in HRCT, showed sub pleural 48
(63.1%) involvement, Centro parenchymal involvement in 2 (2.6%), both were involved
in 26 (34.2%).The most common pattern being GGOs with or without consolidation
with a total distribution of (71%), other findings included to be interseptal thickening
[22%], pure consolidation with air bronchogram [8%], nodular thickening [3%],
cavities [3%].
Conclusion: Presence of GGO with or without consolidation should be considered as a
strong suspicion of COVID 19 and patients be treated accordingly.

BACKGROUND:
COVID19 outbreak has become a pandemic worldwide. There has been a fairly high rate of clinical recovery among Covid patients but complete resolution or sequelae in terms of radiological findings need to be studied.
AIM OF THE STUDY:
1. To understand the common pulmonary sequalae , time taken for complete resolution and factors affecting the resolution process in covid-19 patients who have been discharged after recovery, with Chest HRCT follow up.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
This is an observational study which included a total of 100 discharged patients diagnosed with covid-19 by RTPCR at Index Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Indore-MP-India, from March 15 to June 30-2021.All the patients underwent an initial chest CT scan done 3-5 days after the onset of symptoms ,followed by serial CT scans done at discharge and at 1st, 2nd and 3rd weeks after discharge. The radiological characteristics and patterns on CT chest were studied and a CT severity scoring was done for all the scans.
RESULTS:
GGO were the most common pattern seen (88%) on chest CT at discharge followed by fibrotic bands (61%) with the right lower lung (85%) most commonly involved.61% of patients showed complete resolution at the end of 3rd week after discharge indicating that COVID 19 induced pulmonary damage is reversible in majority of cases with no long term sequalae. However 39 patients demonstrated residual abnormalities. Older patients are at high risk for residual pulmonary lesions and there is no gender predilection. Patients having comorbidities like hypertension, diabetes or bronchial asthma were not at a higher risk of developing pulmonary sequalae.
CONCLUSION:
The resolution of most lesions by 3 weeks after discharge implies gradual resolution of inflammation with re-expansion of alveoli and perhaps the reversible nature of the lesions of Covid -19.

Background: The COVID-19 outbreak has been declared as a global pandemic by WHO. It
has placed an unprecedented burden on health systems and authorities.In this complex
context, their knowledge and attitude towards the pandemic can influence their psychological
state and information about their behavioral insights can be valuable to ascertain effective
strategies to reduce overall burden and tackle the crisis better 3.
Aims: To assess knowledge, risk perceptions, preventive behaviors and psychological
variables regarding COVID-19 in Resident doctors.
Methodology: A list of all resident doctors working in New Civil Hospital were informed
about the study and after obtaining an informed consent, they were asked to fill the WHO tool
for Behavioral insight. After collecting data, statistical analysis of the data was done using
appropriate Statistical test like z test, chi-square test.
Results: A total of 110 doctors participated in the study.Depression was very low (14.7%) to
extremely low (38.2%) in majority of doctors. In our study, 9% of the doctors attributed their
psychological burden of worries and fears to losing someone close to them in the pandemic.
Conclusion:Since most participants use almost all sources for gathering information about
covid-19, regular updates should be provided by media and relevant authorities, regular group
meetings, trainings to disseminate knowledge about guidelines and recent treatment protocols
should be organized by the concerned tertiary care hospitals.

Background: Mucormycosis is a rare disease of immunocompromised adults largely
restricted to the diabetic community with uncontrolled hyperglycaemia. In the second
wave of Covid, in multiple cities over the Indian Peninsula, this much dreaded “black
fungus” has afflicted many individuals who suffered from covid or were recovering
from it.
Aim: To establish the risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic sensitivities,
radiological survey of different types of mucormycosis in SARS Cov 2 patients.
Methods: Seventeen patients with covid infection admitted in tertiary care hospital with
diagnosed mucormycosis between Nov 2020 to June 2021 via histopathological or
culture confirmation. This is a cross-sectional observational study where detailed
assessment of clinical profile, biochemical markers and sensitivities of diagnostic
procedures was done. The data then collected and was made into a master chart and
subjected to statistical analysis. Fischer exact test was used for statistical anaylsis.
Result:In total of 17 patients,mean blood glucose levels were compared at the onset of
symptoms of covid and mucormycosis werestatistically significant with (P=0.001). Out
of 17 patients, 11 were rhino-orbital mucormycosis, four had rhino-orbito-cerebral
mucormycosis and 2 had pulmonary mucormycosis.HbA1c >8 had significant
correlation(P=0.009) with rhino-orbital and rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis
whilehigher total dosage of steroids was associated with pulmonary mucormycosis (P=
0.015. Sensitivity of culture was 64.7% in our study while histopathology was
considered gold standard.
Conclusion: Our study shows strong correlation between the long term as well as short
term glycaemic control with the onset of rhino-orbital mucormycosis while dosage and
duration of steroids with pulmonary mucormycosis.

Aim: To determine the demographic profile of pregnant females with COVID-19 infection.
The outcome and prognosis in pregnant women with COVID-19 infection was also
evaluated.
Method and material:The study included 38 pregnant women with COVID-19 infection and
hospital admission for at least 24 hours. Cause of admission was classified as obstetric and
COVID-19-related. All the patients were COVID positive and were referred from other
centres/ hospital to this facility andwas admitted to this hospital for delivery. Primary
outcomes included maternal admission to intensive care unit (ICU), COVID-19 pneumonia,
maternal mortality. The information on socio-demographic factors, pre-gestational chronic
diseases (including cardiac, renal, endocrine, psychiatric, hematologic and autoimmune
disease, cancer and HIV)and mode of delivery was collected.
Results:The mean age of the patients was 28.8±6.2 years. The mode of delivery for
60.5%patients(23) was normal vaginal delivery and lower segmentcaesarean section in
39.5%(15) patients.94.7%(36) patients were asymptomatic in the present study. Maximum
patients in the present studywere hospitalized for 3-5 days.
Conclusion: COVID-19 infection was associated with higher rates of caesarean section in
pregnant women. However, COVID-19 cannot be considered as an indication for
caesareansectiondelivery. Patients with increased age have more days of hospitalization than
younger patient.

Introduction: A significant proportion of patients who had COVID-19 have experienced symptoms persisting even weeks after recovery from the acute phase of infection. For some patients the symptoms were mild but few have experienced moderate to severe symptoms hampering their daily routine. Studies to know the long term effects of COVID-19 are needed to effectively plan healthcare delivery.
Aim: To know the persistent symptoms in patients who were discharged from a dedicated COVIDhospital’s intensive care unit (ICU).
Materials and Methods: In this cohort studyfour hundred and forty six patients with laboratory confirmed COVID 19, who were treated and discharged from intensive care unit(ICU) between April 2019 to Nov 2019 were included. The telephonic survey was done four times in three months after being discharged. First follow up was on the15^th day of discharge, second on the first month of discharge, third follow up on the second month of discharge and the fourth at the end of third month. Patients were asked to retrospectively recollect the symptoms which were present during the acute phase of the disease and if those symptoms or any new symptoms are present now.
Results: Tiredness(fatigue), dyspnea, cough and chest pain were the common symptoms observed. Among 446 patients followed up, 37.4% had no symptoms at the first follow up and 87% were symptom free by the end of third month. 26.09% complained of tiredness at the 15^th day of discharge, but only 4.4% of them complained of this symptom at the end of third month. Dyspnea was seen in 21.5% of patients in the first follow up and by the end of third month none of them had dyspnea. There was a gradual decline in number of patients having cough from 19.5% in the first follow up to 0.24% in the last follow up. Chest pain was seen in 7% of the patients on the 15^th day of discharge and was seen only in 0.24% of them at the end of third month. Out of 446 patients followed up for a period of three months we observed a mortality of 6.27%.
Conclusion: Patients experience persistent symptoms even after recovering from COVID 19infection and getting discharged from intensive care unit. There is a need for follow up and assessment of discharged patients to know to what extent these symptoms have affected them physically and mentally.
 

Background: The ongoing worldwide Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has posed a huge threat to global public health¹. COVID-19 represents a spectrum of clinical severity ranged from asymptomatic to critical pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and even death. Therefore, full monitoring the severity of COVID-19 and effective early intervention are the fundamental measures for reducing mortality.
Accumulating evidence has suggested that inflammatory responses play a critical role in the progression of COVID-19 ³. Inflammatory responses induce the release of cytokines and chemokines. These cytokines and chemokines then attract immune cells and activate immune responses, leading to cytokine storms and aggravations⁴. Several inflammatory markers have some tracing and detecting accuracy for disease severity and fatality. But the results are inconclusive, with various studies giving different results. Our study intends to correlate levels of inflammatory markers with severity of Covid 19 infection and its final outcome.
Methods and materials:This is a retrospective study which includes 818 patients admitted to our hospital during the second wave of Covid 19 pandemic with confirmed Covid 19 infections by RTPCR. Admitted patients included mild disease to severe Covid 19 infections. Those patients who have received standardized treatment according to hospital protocol were included in the study. Data was collected and entered in pre-designed proforma. Results obtained will be compiled in excel sheet and will be analyzed statistically.
Results: Total of 818 patients were admitted to our hospital between May to July 2021. Of which 341 had mild disease, 241 had moderate disease, 237 patients had severe disease on presentation.While looking into the final outcome of the disease, 175 patients died due Covid 19 pneumonia or its complication, 52 patients were discharged with oxygen support.  Of 237 patients with severe disease 150 patients had CRP levels >75mg/dl. Of 175 patients who died, 121 had CRP levels >75 mg/dl. Of 237 patients with severe disease, 122 of them had D-dimer >1000 ng/ml. Of 175 patients who died with Covid 19, 103 of them had d-dimer levels >1000 ng/ml.CRP and D-dimer were significantly increased in patients with severe disease and in patients who died of Covid 19 with p value <0.0001.
Conclusion: Increasing levels of CRP and D-dimer were good predictors of severe disease in Covid 19. Also, increased levels of CRP and d-dimer were suggestive of poorer outcome of the disease in terms of mortality and morbidity in Covid 19 infection.

The tourism sector is one of the sectors that has suffered the most losses due to the Covid-19 pandemic, namely the impact on travel supply and demand. Travel restrictions and flight cancellations and reduced flight frequencies have significantly reduced the supply of both domestic and international tour packages and trips amidst the continuing decline in demand. This poses additional downside risks in the context of a weaker world economy, geopolitical, social and trade unrest, and unequal performance among the travel markets. In an effort to reach and increase the target of foreign-tourist visits to Indonesia and compete with other countries, the government is more aggressively promoting the “Wonderful Indonesia” nation branding in order to be able to compete with other countries, and provide a better perception for foreign tourists; a good perception affects the number of tourist visits. However, during the COVID-19 Pandemic, the Government issued a new nation brand, namely “Thoughtful Indonesia” which will become a nation branding for Indonesian tourism during the COVID-19 period. This study aims to analyze the effect of nation branding "Thoughtful Indonesia" on the decision to visit Indonesia during the new normal period or after COVID-19 pandemic. This research uses descriptive and verification types of research. The sampling technique used in this research was probability sampling. Based on the research and analysis and hypothesis testing, it is concluded that nation branding has a positive effect on visiting decisions.

The 2019 corona virus disease (Covid-19) outbreak that hit countries in the world, presents its own challenges for educational institutions, especially early childhood education. To fight Covid-19, the Government prohibits gathering, social distancing and physical distancing, wearing masks and always washing hands and maintaining cleanliness. The Covid-19 pandemic has disrupted conventional learning processes. So we need a solution to answer these problems. Online learning is an alternative that can solve this problem. This study aims to determine strategies that can be applied in the learning transformation process through parental assistance in online learning for early childhood education children during the Covid 19 pandemic. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collected through observation, interviews and documentation. Interviews were conducted with 7 informants including the principal, parents of students and teachers. In this study, the sample determine using purposive sampling technique. The results showed that the model of parental assistance in online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic at Kingdom School, namely (1) parents ensure children and pay attention to material from the teacher, (2) accompany children when making homework, (3) people parents take part in any material provided by the teacher, (4) parents are also involved in online learning from the teacher. Meanwhile, the obstacles faced by parents in accompanying young children in online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic are not maintaining children's enthusiasm, not giving enough time, bad mood children and children bored and distracted by other things such as toys. The solution is First, by means of communication with the teacher. Second, creating a positive atmosphere. Third, enforcing discipline and Fourth, making learning videos for children.

The first cases of COVID-19 flared up on late December in Wuhan, which is a popular  city in the Hubei province of the Chinese nation .This virus is seen particularly in animals, most particularly in bats, camel,cows and certain species pigs .Although it is known that transmission of viruses from animals to the human population is quiet rare, on one hand it is said that this new mutated version of the virus has most likely originated from bats. Whereas on the other hand research has shown that pangolins may be the culprit. Although it is still not known how the virus transmitted to human beings, some reports trace the evidence of first case back to an animal market in Wuhan. This could be the most probable reason how SARS-CoV-2 started to transmit .Close contact with an infected person within 6 feet apart is the common mode of transmission of this virus .The virus is most infectious when an individual’s symptoms reach the peak level. Moreover ,carriers are another major reason for the spread of this infection as they don’t experience any symptoms. Some studies recommends, less than 15% of contamination are from individuals showing no symptoms. Although most instances of COVID-19 are not fatal, it can cause indications that become serious causing demise in certain people.
The emergence of COVID-19 pandemic has caused various implications apart from the spread of the disease itself and the efforts made by the people to contain it. As the  infection has spread worldwide, due to the rising concerns of the virus of the infection it has affected the supply side and resulted in diminished profits of various business.33% of the world population was under quarantine which has invariably resulted in the downfall of economic activities .Production deficiencies were also witnessed due to hoarding of goods in a panic buying spree in various grocery stores and supermarkets.In addition to this, the excessive use of various products such as sanitizers ,mask and other sanitary need products have disrupted logistics and created further chaos. Surprisingly the demand for medical equivalents have drastically increased. 

After the 2019 pandemic Coronavirus (COVID-19), caused by Extreme Acute RESS 2 coronavirus syndrome was identified (SARS-CoV-2), our ways of managing ourselves socially and on a regular basis have changed unprecedentedly. The sudden isolation from education, social life and recreational sports has had great impacts on children and teenagers. In certain cases, domestic abuse has also increased. Due to heightened anxiety, changes in their diet and school dynamics, fear or even lack of a component of the issue1,2, stress has a direct effect on their mental health. Our purpose is to address the need to supervise and treat persons in various areas and to alert public health and government agents. We hope that effective and prompt action will minimise harm to your mental health as a result of the side effects of this pandemic.

Latest proof shows that in humans, SARS-CoV-2 proliferates and fades symptomatic or asymptomatic infected individuals, the etioloidal agent that induces COVID-19. Subsequently, SARS-CoV-2 can be discharged and even opened through wastewater and sanitation systems on site. SARS-CoV-2 can be spread by the inhalation of polluted aerosols and goutlets in waste water plumbing systems in particular in heavily inhabited suburban areas in the case of faeces, waste water or wastewater systems on-site. Potential faecal-oral transfer has also been proposed along the human gut-wastewater diet spectrum. The detection in the human gastrointestinal tract, faeces, and untreated wastewater of SARS-CoV-2 RNA suggests probable COVID-19 faecal-oral transmission 1–4. A second line of recent evidence is extracted from a series of experiments focused on an overview of shelled disease, indicating SARS - COV-2 is prone to facal oral transmission and has a rigid shell and low shell disorder. The transmission path between faecal and oral has also gained substantial interest lately as an alternate transmission pathway but there is still no epidemiological data to support this theory. There could be a fast propagation of the pandemic via several COVID-19 transmission pathways.

In reality, numerous research works have begun to report the metabolic function of COVID-19 shifts. Characteristically characterised are I decline in low-density (LDL-c) and high-density (HDL-c) cholesterol lipoproteins, (later proportionate with the gravity of the symptoms), and (ii) a mild rise in the populating T-assistance cell populations (CD3+T, CD4+T) and (iii) CD8+T lymphopenia. Further, in seriously ill patients the overall counts of White Blood Cells (WBC) is considerably higher, with a macrophage activation syndrome that was supported by the existence of the bronchoalveolar monocyte recruitment chemokines.

Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic has forced dentists to prepare themselves by updating their knowledge and receive training to face the present and after effects of COVID-19. The present survey was thus conducted to assess the knowledge, risk perception, attitude, and preparedness of the dentists in India about COVID-19.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was carried out among registered dentists in south India. A self-administered, anonymous, questionnaire comprising of 25 close- ended questions was circulated to gather the relevant information. A total of 1120 dentists submitted a response, out of which 1000 complete responses were included in the statistical analysis. Pearson’s Chi-square test was used for inter-group statistical comparison.
Results: 80% of the dentists had a fair knowledge about the characteristics of COVID-19. 61% and 50% of the dentists had taken infection control training and special training for COVID-19, respectively. 52% of the dentists had the perception that COVID-19 is very dangerous. Only 42% of the dentists were willing to provide emergency services to patients. Most of the dentists had an opinion that there is a need to enhance personal protective measures.
Conclusion: In the present study, South Indian dentists have presented satisfactory knowledge with adequate awareness as the majority of them had a fair level of knowledge with significantly higher knowledge among female respondents and those with post-graduation studies. As we are going through an evolutionary phase where new advances are expected to evolve, dentists will definitely emerge successfully out from the crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Earlier in December 2019, a novel extreme coronaviral syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Region, China. The World Health Organisation announced the epidemic as an international disaster in public health on 30 January 2020. As of 14 February 2020, there were 49,053 laboratory-confirmed fatalities and 1,381 deaths worldwide. Many governments have become at risk of contracting illness after implementing a series of prevention steps. We performed a literature review of resources accessible to the public to synthesise pathogen and emerging disease awareness. This literature review analyses the causative cause, pathogenesis and immune reactions, epidemiology, detection, care and managing methods for the epidemic, regulating and preventing.

The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries) face the dual shock of a pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus (COIVD 19) and a collapse in oil prices. GCC countries many times experienced fluctuations in oil price and learnt how to deal the situation. However, the COVID-19 outbreak, being a new one, has created a lot of concern among GCC countries. This pandemic is causing turbulence to the economies of the GCC countries. Major industries that have been impacted in GCC countries due to COVID-19 pandemic include Energy, Aviation, Food & Beverage, Chemical, Retail & E-commerce, Travel & Tourism among others. Besides a major downfall in oil demand has been reported across the globe due to the effect of COVID-19. Due to this, many oil productions sites have been shut down or has to decrease production in the region. The closure of the industrial and commercial activities because of the pandemic would certainly affect their economies. Facility management (FM) constitutes a branch, jointly representing real estate market with property management and asset management. It plays a crucial role in economic activities in region as FM services are involved in all industrial and commercial activities. The Facility Management (FM) market in GCC countries has witnessed robust growth during the last few decades due to rapid economic activities in this region. It is an established fact in FM services manpower cost dominates the total cost whereas material cost plays vital role in construction industries. Majority of work forces in GCC countries in FM sector is migrant people from the Globe. CCC countries are showing actions that they are capable of acting effectively to contain the health and economic impacts of the pandemic within their own borders, albeit with marked shortcomings when it comes to protecting migrant workers. It is estimated that approximately 23 million migrant workers are living GCC countries . These millions of migrant workers across the Gulf face uncertainty as host countries lock down, employers withhold wages or mull redundancies, and strict coronavirus containment measures lead to deportations and confinement. This will have series impact on FM sector. In this paper a detail study the impact of COVID 19 on FM sector in GCC countries is reported. Strategies to overcome the crisis are listed along with the means and recommendation to implement the strategy.

In every century, few invisible infectious diseases create an alarm to the entire world and which leads to extermination of the population. In 1918 and 2019, the world has tackled truculent diseases such as mother of all pandemic Spanish flu and COVID 19. The mortality rate of Spanish flu was greater than in the first world war. After 100 years’ same history was repeated in 2019 through COVID 19.  Suddenly a huge number of pneumonia cases were reported in the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China. These two outbreaks make medical, social and financial burden to the entire world. This kind of sudden pandemic breaks mental health and creates panic, anxiety and depression. Pharmaceutical preventive measures are not supported during both pandemics which was rectified by non-pharmaceutical preventive steps like lockdown, quarantine, wearing facemask and gloves, washing hands and applying sanitizer, follow the social distancing, closing cinema hall and schools, avoiding mass gathering in 1918and 2019-2020. The main objective of this review is to compare and summarize the concepts of both pandemics and how the people of the world need to come together and fight against common enemies, to warrant that we have the best scientific resources necessary to bring this outbreak to an end.

The existing pandemic of COVID-19 has developed an unimaginable, socially hostile climate for citizens. Against the context of this exogenous shock, we analysed the relationship between risk-taking, trait resilience and state anxiety, under which the relationship between trait resilience and risk-taking moderates with state anxiety during the pandemic, and using the principle of combined prospects. In a survey of 515 people in the U.S. we test risk taking by means of a comportment assessed and evaluate trait anxiety, five main characteristics and other demographics. Study of a regression showed that age moderates the correlation between risk and anxiety and that highly resilient, risk-tolerant people have lower anxiety than less resilient people. In the other hand, older people with a higher longevity, are less prone to threats than their younger and least resilient opposites. Studies are minimal and further research is proposed.

The 2019 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by extreme ART 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has easily spread all over the world. At the end of June 2020, there were more than 5 million confirmed cases and over 500,000 deaths. The features of this disease show that SARS-CoV-2 can be spread by droplets extended during close contact and fomites. Potential airborne distribution was also envisaged in healthcare facilities because of such aerosol-generating practices 1,2. After identification of the virus in stools, the position of the fecal–oral route in indoor environments must still be determined. Nevertheless, it remains important that fomites, direct contact and the alleged fecal–oral path are of relative significance. In clinics, there has also been major contamination. The CDC Weekly 2020 reports that 1716 of 44,672 COVID-19 cases in China reported their presence by 11 February, 2020. In order to protect health staff, it is also important to consider the risk of infection in a hospital setting.

Coronavirus is a newly discovered infectious disease, most people infected by coronavirus experience respiratory illness and require special treatment for recovery. Older people underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease diabetes chronic respiratory disease develop serious illness.National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have been varied, and have included containment measures such as lockdowns, quarantines, and curfews. More than 6.15 million cases of COVID-19 have been reported in more than 188 countries and territories, resulting in more than 371,000 deaths. More than 2.63 million people have recovered from the virus.The most affected countries in terms of confirmed cases are the United States, Spain, Italy, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Turkey and China. The main aim of this study is to determine and rank the measures adopted by each country to fight against covid 19. An online survey was conducted with a self-structured questionnaire comprising 10 questions that were distributed through the google docs. The sample size of this study was 100. The results were analysed by performing the statistical software “SPSS VERSION 20”. The data was represented in the pie chart form. From this study population, 88% of the study population agreed that Covid 19 has to be controlled by all means. Nearly 70% of the population follows social distancing and 56% of them follow self isolation if they have symptoms and every country is working hard to contain it and minimise its impact. It is very important to prevent covid-19, because there is no vaccine found for treatment, preventive methods vary, and have measurements like quarantine, lockdown, curfews, sanitising our hands after coming home, using personal protective equipment. This study helps us to get knowledge about the measurements taken by different countries to control covid-19 and creates awareness on how to prevent covid-19.

The spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) reached pandemic world-wide especially in Italy
from early March 2020. Many factors were under discussion among public health experts for the
exorbitant mortality rate in Italy than other countries. A coordinated global response was desperately
needed to prepare health systems to meet this unprecedented challenge in Italy. This review illustrates
predictions, chronic comorbidities, effects of COVID 19 on Italian health system. Covid disease affecting
the elderly population with co-morbidities, the same was associated in the mortality rate among elder
population in Italy in a greater rate. The mortality rate in Italy was also higher due to the asymptomatic
cases not being tested and isolated with initial screening. The most serious outcome of COVID 19
pneumonia was recorded among the population in Italy. Exhausted number of ICU’s beds, ventilators and
respirators revealed their un-preparedness for the covid-19 pandemic. This review thus focuses on the
various factors to be considered in future pandemics by analyzing the covid - 19 pandemic in Italy.

The COVID-19 epidemic in China is a world health threat. So far now it is the largest outbreak of atypical pneumonia since the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003. Within weeks of the onset of COVID-19 the total number of cases and deaths exceeded those of SARS .SARS is similar to COVID-19, and SARS is a beta-coronavirus that can be spread to humans through intermediate hosts such as bats, though the actual route of transmission of COVID-19 is still debatable. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak a public health emergency of international concern on 30 January 2020. It has been debated among the political leaders claiming that there is error from the part of WHO in giving a wrong impression at the golden hour where the pandemic could have been averted. A survey conducted with a self prepared questionnaire comprising 15 questions with a sample of 100 people of Tamil Nadu state. The questionnaire was prepared with questions comprising of covid 19 and who January WHO report, these questions help to determine perception on COVID-19 and WHO January report and that help to depict their knowledge and awareness on this topic and what is their critical perception of the role of WHO in handling the COVID pandemic. WHO plays a role in the process of updating the methods to prevent and cure the pandemic outbreak COVID-19. WHO is found to test the positive and negative responses shown by the possible methods present against COVID-19 and displays the most trusted method among the available methods.In the previous study, more than half of the participants are found to show high concern about swine influenza pandemic. In the present study, around 71% of the participants are aware of the COVID-19 pandemic and the controversial role played by WHO in spreading the COVID-19 pandemic. This study concludes that during this pandemic outbreak most of the participants are aware of the role of WHO in the process of controlling and updating information related to the global pandemic condition. It is evident from this study that people are sceptical about the role played by WHO in managing COVID-19

Based on how people mingle with the society they can be classified as introverts,extroverts and ambiverts.Extroverts are people who are basically more active socially and gain attention.Introverts are people who don’t get mingled so much and they stay in a very small circle,they just live to show that they exist.Ambiverts are people who are not extroverts or introverts,they adapt and be how they have to be in places.This study is to to know about the mindset of extrovert individuals at this time of lockdown and quarantine. A self structured questionnaire containing 19 questions was circulated through online google forms link.The survey population contained 100 people.The responses obtained were statistically analysed in SPSS software and the results were depicted in the form of pie charts and graphs.The overall result shows that it is getting tougher day by day for the extroverts to stay home during this lockdown in quarantine as they usually weren’t this ideal.Hence this study can be used to plan for tasks that could keep these extroverts engaged and make it easy for them to abide by the laws in times of national emergencies and pandemics.