European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by two key features: a combination of impairments in social interaction and social communication, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities. Primary healthcare (PHC) are frequently a first point of contact for patients with ASD symptoms and play a crucial role in early diagnosis. Mention that early intervention is required to ensure that patients with ASD receive the proper education. ASD is a lifelong condition that affects patients. There are gaps in our understanding of how people with autism interact with healthcare professionals. Relevant studies have identified issues such as complexity that goes beyond the scope of the typical role, a lack of knowledge and resources, a lack of training or prior experience, communication and collaboration, the need for information and training, the need for care coordination and systemic changes, but no studies have looked at the knowledge levels of PHC patients in Saudi Arabia. Aim of the study: To Assessment of the Knowledge regarding autism in the patient attending in the primary healthcare in Makkah City at Saudi Arabia 2022. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted, in October -November 2022, among 200 patients attending in the primary healthcare in Makkah City, a written questionnaire was developed based on a literature review. The questionnaire tool consists of questions that test respondents' understanding of the causes of autism spectrum disease, the characteristics of autistic patients, the needs and abilities of autistic people, and the needs and abilities of autistic people themselves. Result: In terms of marital status, the majority of participants were married (59.0%), in terms of education, the majority of participants had a secondary education (31.0%), in terms of occupation, the majority of participants worked for the government (35.0%), and in terms of primary health care, the majority of participants went to private practices (48.0%). The majority of the participants were in the age group of 25-35 years old, and the majority of the participants were females (51% versus 49%).

Background: Telemedicine and virtual care have rapidly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Since then, the ministry of health in Saudi Arabia has adopted telemedicine to increase access to healthcare services and overcome geographical barriers. Our study aimed to measure patient satisfaction with virtual primary health care in the governmental primary health care centers in Al-Ahsa, and study possible predictors for better patient satisfaction. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done among patients who had visited virtual clinics in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia primary healthcare centers. Everyone who had at least one virtual visit between JAN 2020 and MARCH 2022 received an open-source questionnaire. Demographic information, level of satisfaction, and inquiries about their virtual clinic experience were all collected. The Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used to compare computed frequencies and percentages for categorical variables between groups. Results: The questionnaire was completed by 391 patients, 53.5% of whom were female. The most frequently used virtual clinics were family medicine clinics. The inability to meet the healthcare professional face-to-face was cited by 54% of participants as the most significant disadvantage of virtual care. Patients' overall satisfaction with virtual clinics was 68.1%. Patient satisfaction was significantly correlated with age group, level of education, and being well-informed about the use of telemedicine. Conclusion: According to this study, virtual clinics gained a high level of satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. Our research found that satisfaction was related to age, education, and the type of clinic used. Future studies are recommended to be done in different areas of Saudi Arabia.

Regular physical activity can play an important role in both the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, stroke, some cancers, osteoporosis and depression, as well as improving the lipid profile.' A met analysis of the relation between physical activity and coronary heart disease reported that the relative risk of coronary heart disease death in the least active compared with the most active was 1 9-fold.

Oral Health Care is considered as fundamental component of Primary Health Care. It provides potency to essential medicinal services conveyance system with the aid of making an investment in prevention and deducting avoidable dots as a consequence enacting a significant tool for native health. Oral wellbeing influence one's general wellbeing and enhanced person's satisfaction. Investigations have been done which have accomplished to discover more methods to draw in families and sufferers making them accessible to oral health care measures. A movement named National Oral Health Care programme aims to provide accessible, low cost and eminent oral health care considerations to every single person nationwide. Innovations with the aid of health care professionals and oral health maintenance team have been performed to reduce health care expenditure with excellent care.
For such innovations we need to boom our investment for primary health care training programmes for practitioners. Impact should be made on those population which are considered special that is having maternal and child groups. There is a remarkable work force to overcome the threats of oral health diseases. The need of this hour is to listen to the voice of the patients and families who have the epitome of oral diseases. Inclusion of oral health examination in routine medical health check-up will be of great help for the longevity of the people.

Background
Health care associated infections (HCAI) are one of the most serious and complex worldwide health problems. Commitment to standard precautions (SPs) and infection control (IC) measures are important to all healthcare providers (HCP) to prevent occupational exposure to hazardous materials. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are particularly more prone to blood-borne pathogens through contact with infected blood and body fluids during their work. It is based on the presumption that every person is infected or colonized with an organism that could be transmitted in the healthcare setting and thus health care workers need to apply infection control practices during the delivery of health care.Health care worker at risk of health associated infection (HAIs) due to their exposure to the patients during carrying out their duties. Health care workers in primary health care centers are the first to detect and to prevent the spread of infection. Standard precautions are regarded as an effective means for protecting health care worker, patients and community.
 Aim of the study: The study aimed to assess the level of Knowledge and practices of infection control standard among health care workers at the primary healthcare level in Makkah City.
Method:  A cross sectional study enrolled HCWs (doctors, nurses, lab workers) from 10 primary healthcare (PHC) centers in in Makkah, during the April to June, 2021, Our total participants were (200)
.Results:the knowledge regarding standard precautions of infection control study results show the majority of participant had average information were(55.0%) while weak knowledge were(21.0%) the data ranged from(5-18) by mean ±SD(12.15±3.11), also the Nationality is a significant relation between knowledge and Practices increase in the non-Saudi healthcare workers were mean+ SD respectively (12.980±2.606, 6.603±1.510), compared to the Saudis had adequate level of knowledge Practices where (T=-5.33, T=-6.152) and P-value=<0.001.
Conclusion: There was a gap between the actual and desired Knowledge and practices of Healthcare providers regarding IC. Continuing education programs are needed to improve their Knowledge and practices scores towards SPs and IC measures in order to reduce HCAI, inadequate knowledge particularly concerning the disposal of sharp instruments and hand hygiene were also detected. The studies highlighted the necessity of the provision of a comprehensive training program to ensure compliance with infection control measures by HCWs.